Jordan Phone Number Database

Jordan Phone Number List

Jordan (Arabic: الأردن; tr. Al-ʾUrdunn [al.ʔur.dunː]), formally the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,[a] is a country in Western Asia. It is arranged at the intersection of Asia, Africa and Europe,[8] inside the Levant area, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is lined by Saudi Arabia toward the south and east, Iraq toward the upper east, Syria toward the north, and the Palestinian West Bank, Israel, and the Dead Sea toward the west. It has a 26 km (16 mi) shoreline on the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea toward the southwest. The Gulf of Aqaba isolates Jordan from Egypt.[9] Amman is Jordan’s capital and biggest city, as well as its financial, political, and social centre.

Cutting edge Jordan has been occupied by people since the Paleolithic time frame. Three stable realms arose there toward the finish of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. Later rulers incorporate the Assyrian Empire, Babylonian Empire, Nabataean Kingdom, the Persian Empire, the Roman Empire, the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid Caliphates, and the Ottoman Empire. After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I, the Ottoman Empire was apportioned by Britain and France. The Emirate of Transjordan was laid out in 1921 by the Hashemite, then Emir, Abdullah I, and the emirate turned into a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan turned into an autonomous state authoritatively known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan, however it was renamed in 1949 to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after the nation caught the West Bank during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and added it until it was lost to Israel in 1967. Jordan revoked its case to the region in 1988, and turned into the subsequent Arab state to sign a ceasefire with Israel in 1994.[11] Jordan is an establishing individual from the Arab League and the Organization of Islamic Co-activity. The sovereign state is a sacred government, yet the lord holds wide leader and regulative powers.

Jordan is a semi-bone-dry nation, covering an area of 89,342 km2 (34,495 sq mi), with a populace of 10 million, making it the 11th most crowded Arab country. The predominant greater part, or around 95% of the nation’s populace, is Sunni Muslim, with a for the most part Arab Christian minority. Jordan has been over and again alluded to as an “desert spring of strength” in the tempestuous district of the Middle East. It has been generally solid by the viciousness that cleared the locale following the Arab Spring in 2010.[12] From as soon as 1948, Jordan has acknowledged exiles from different adjoining nations in struggle. An expected 2.1 million Palestinian and 1.4 million Syrian evacuees are available in Jordan starting around a 2015 census.[4] The realm is likewise a shelter to great many Christian Iraqis escaping mistreatment by the Islamic State.[13][14] While Jordan keeps on tolerating exiles, the new huge flood from Syria overburdened public assets and framework.

Jordan Contact Database

Jordan has a high Human Development Index, positioning 102nd, and is viewed as an upper center pay economy. The Jordanian economy, quite possibly of the littlest economy in the district, is appealing to unfamiliar financial backers in light of a talented workforce.[16] The nation is a significant vacationer location, likewise drawing in clinical the travel industry because of its advanced wellbeing area. Regardless, an absence of regular assets, enormous progression of evacuees and provincial unrest have hampered financial development.

The most seasoned known proof of primate residence in Jordan goes back no less than 200,000 years.[23] Jordan is wealthy in Paleolithic remaining parts (as long as 20,000 years of age) because of its area inside the Levant where developments of primates out of Africa converged.[24] Past lakeshore conditions pulled in various primates, and a few remaining parts of instruments have been found from this period.[24] Scientists have found the world’s most seasoned known proof of bread-production in a 14,500 year-old Natufian site in Jordan’s northeastern desert.[25] A change from agrarian culture to laying out crowded horticultural towns happened during the Neolithic time frame (10,000-4,500 BC).[26] ‘Ain Ghazal, one such town situated at a site in the east of present-day Amman, is one of the biggest known ancient settlements in the Near East.[27] Dozens of mortar sculptures of the human structure dating to 7250 BC or prior have been revealed; they are right there “among the earliest enormous scope portrayals of the human structure” ever found.[28] Other than the standard Chalcolithic (4500-3600 BC) towns, for example, Tulaylet Ghassul in the Jordan Valley,[29] a progression of round stone fenced in areas in the eastern basalt desert−whose reason stays dubious have perplexed archaeologists.[30]

The Mesha Stele (c. 840 BC) records the magnificence of Mesha, King of Moab
Braced towns and metropolitan focuses first arose in the southern Levant right off the bat in the Bronze Age (3600-1200 BC).[31] Wadi Feynan turned into a provincial community for copper extraction – the metal was taken advantage of for an enormous scope to create bronze.[32] Trade and development of individuals in the Middle East crested, spreading and refining civilizations.[33] Villages in Transjordan extended quickly in regions with dependable water-assets and farming land.[33] Ancient Egyptians extended towards the Levant and came to control the two banks of the Jordan River.[34]

During the Iron Age (1200-332 BC) after the withdrawal of the Egyptians, Transjordan was home to the Kingdoms of Ammon, Edom and Moab.[35] The people groups of these realms communicated in Semitic dialects of the Canaanite bunch; their commonwealths are considered[by whom?] to be ancestral realms as opposed to states.[35] Ammon was situated in the Amman level; Moab in the high countries east of the Dead Sea; and Edom nearby around Wadi Araba in the south.[35] The northwestern locale of the Transjordan, referred to then as Gilead, was settled by the Israelites.[36] The Transjordanian realms of Ammon, Edom and Moab consistently conflicted with the adjoining Hebrew realms of Israel and Judah, focused west of the Jordan River.[37] One record of this is the Mesha Stele, raised by the Moabite ruler Mesha in 840 BC; on it he praises himself for the structure projects that he started in Moab and honors his magnificence and triumph against the Israelites.[38] The stele is one of the main archeological equals of records kept in the Bible.[39] simultaneously, Israel and the Kingdom of Aram-Damascus vied for control of the Gilead.[40][41]

Around 740 to 720 BC Israel and Aram Damascus were vanquished by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The realms of Ammon, Edom and Moab were oppressed, however were permitted to keep up with some level of independence.[42] Babylonians assumed control over the Assyrians’ domain after its breaking down in 627 BC.[42] Although the realms upheld the Babylonians against Judah in the 597 BC sack of Jerusalem, they opposed Babylon 10 years later.[42] The realms were decreased to vassals, a status they held under the Persian and Hellenic Empires.[42] By the start of Roman rule around 63 BC, the realms of Ammon, Edom and Moab had lost their unmistakable characters, and were acclimatized into the Roman culture.[35] Some Edomites endure longer – driven by the Nabataeans, they had relocated to southern Judea, which became known as Idumaea; They were subsequently switched over completely to Judaism by the Hasmoneans.[43]

Traditional period

Al-Khazneh in Petra (c. first century AD), is accepted to be the catacomb of the Arab Nabataean King Aretas IV.
Alexander the Great’s victory of the Persian Empire in 332 BC acquainted Hellenistic culture with the Middle East.[44] After Alexander’s passing in 323 BC, the realm split among his commanders, and in the end a lot of Transjordan was questioned between the Ptolemies situated in Egypt and the Seleucids situated in Syria.[44] The Nabataeans, migrant Arabs based south of Edom, figured out how to lay out a free realm in 169 BC by taking advantage of the battle between the two Greek powers.[44] The Nabataean Kingdom controlled a significant part of the shipping lanes of the district, and it extended south along the Red Sea coast into the Hejaz desert, up to as far north as Damascus, which it controlled for a brief period (85-71) BC.[45] The Nabataeans massed a fortune from their control of the shipping lanes, frequently drawing the jealousy of their neighbours.[46] Petra, Nabataea’s desolate capital, prospered in the first century AD, determined by its broad water system frameworks and agriculture.[47] The Nabataeans were likewise skilled stone carvers, constructing their most intricate design, Al-Khazneh, in the primary century AD.[48] It is accepted to be the sepulcher of the Arab Nabataean King Aretas IV.[48]

Roman armies under Pompey vanquished a significant part of the Levant in 63 BC, introducing a time of Roman decide that endured four centuries.[49] In 106 AD, Emperor Trajan attached Nabataea unopposed, and revamped the King’s Highway which became known as the Via Traiana Nova road.[49] The Romans gave the Greek urban communities of Transjordan-Philadelphia (Amman), Gerasa (Jerash), Gedara (Umm Quays), Pella (Tabaqat Fahl) and Arbila (Irbid)- and other Hellenistic urban areas in Palestine and southern Syria, a degree of independence by shaping the Decapolis, a ten-city league.[50] Jerash is perhaps of the best safeguarded Roman city in the East; it was even visited by Emperor Hadrian during his excursion to Palestine.[51]

The Oval Forum of Jerash (c. first century AD), then individual from the ten-city Roman association, the Decapolis. Seven out of the ten Decapolis urban communities are available in advanced Jordan.
In 324 AD, the Roman Empire split and the Eastern Roman Empire-later known as the Byzantine Empire-kept on controlling or impact the district until 636 AD.[52] Christianity had become legitimate inside the realm in 313 AD after Emperor Constantine the Great switched over completely to Christianity.[52] The Edict of Thessalonica made Christianity the authority state religion in 380 AD. Transjordan thrived during the Byzantine period, and Christian holy places were fabricated everywhere.[53] The Aqaba Church in Ayla was worked during this time, it is viewed as the world’s most memorable reason constructed Christian church.[54] Umm ar-Rasas in southern Amman contains no less than 16 Byzantine churches.[55] Meanwhile, Petra’s significance declined as ocean shipping lanes arose, and after a 363 quake obliterated many designs, it declined further, ultimately being abandoned.[48] The Sassanian Empire in the east turned into the Byzantines’ opponents, and continuous showdowns some of the time prompted the Sassanids controlling a few pieces of the district, including Transjordan.[56]

Islamic time
In 629 AD, during the Battle of Mu’tah in what is today Al-Karak, the Byzantines and their Arab Christian clients, the Ghassanids, fought off an assault by a Muslim Rashidun force that walked northwards towards the Levant from the Hejaz (in cutting edge Saudi Arabia).[57] The Byzantines anyway were crushed by the Muslims in 636 AD at the conclusive Battle of Yarmouk only north of Transjordan.[57] Transjordan was a fundamental domain for the success of Damascus.[58] The first, or Rashidun, caliphate was trailed by that of the Ummayads (661-750).[58] Under the Umayyad Caliphate, a few desert palaces were built in Transjordan, including: Qasr Al-Mshatta and Qasr Al-Hallabat.[58] The Abbasid Caliphate’s mission to assume control over the Umayyad’s started in Transjordan.[59] A strong 749 AD quake is remembered to have added to the Umayyads rout to the Abbasids, who moved the caliphate’s capital from Damascus to Baghdad.[59] During Abbasid rule (750-969), a few Arab clans moved northwards and got comfortable the Levant.[58] As had occurred during the Roman period, development of oceanic exchange reduced Transjordan’s focal position, and the region turned out to be progressively impoverished.[60] After the downfall of the Abbasids, Transjordan was managed by the Fatimid Caliphate (969-1070), then by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (1115-1187).

The Karak Castle (c. twelfth century AD) worked by the Crusaders, and later extended under the Muslim Ayyubids and Mamluks

The Ajloun Castle (c. twelfth century AD) worked by the Ayyubid pioneer Saladin for use against the Crusades
The Crusaders developed a few Crusader palaces as a feature of the Lordship of Oultrejordain, including those of Montreal and Al-Karak.[62] The Ayyubids fabricated the Ajloun Castle and modified more seasoned palaces, to be utilized as military stations against the Crusaders.[63] During the Battle of Hattin (1187) close to Lake Tiberias only north of Transjordan, the Crusaders lost to Saladin, the pioneer behind the Ayyubid tradition (1187-1260).[63] Villages in Transjordan under the Ayyubids became significant stops for Muslim explorers going to Mecca who went along the course that associated Syria to the Hejaz.[64] Several of the Ayyubid palaces were utilized and extended by the Mamluks (1260-1516), who split Transjordan between the regions.

Four centuries of stagnation during Ottoman rule reached a conclusion during World War I by the 1916 Arab Revolt, driven by long haul disdain towards the Ottoman specialists and developing Arab nationalism.[76] The revolt was driven by Sharif Hussein of Mecca, and his children Abdullah, Faisal and Ali, individuals from the Hashemite group of the Hejaz, relatives of the Prophet Muhammad.[76] Locally, the revolt earned the help of the Transjordanian clans, including Bedouins, Circassians and Christians.[78] The Allies of World War I, including Britain and France, whose royal interests united with the Arabist cause, offered support.[79] The revolt began on 5 June 1916 from Medina and pushed northwards until the battling arrived at Transjordan in the Battle of Aqaba on 6 July 1917.[80] The revolt arrived at its peak when Faisal entered Damascus in October 1918, and laid out an Arab-drove military organization in OETA East, later proclaimed as the Arab Kingdom of Syria, the two of which Transjordan was part of.[78] During this period, the southernmost district of the nation, including Ma’an and Aqaba, was additionally guaranteed by the adjoining Kingdom of Hejaz.

The early Hashemite Kingdom over Greater Syria had to give up to French soldiers on 24 July 1920 during the Battle of Maysalun;[81] the French involved just the northern piece of the Syrian Kingdom, leaving Transjordan in a time of interregnum. Middle Easterner goals neglected to earn worldwide respect, due for the most part to the mystery 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement, what isolated the district into French and British effective reaches, and the 1917 Balfour Declaration, which guaranteed Palestine to Jews.[82] This was seen by the Hashemites and the Arabs as a double-crossing of their past concurrences with the British,[83] including the 1915 McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, in which the British expressed their readiness to perceive the freedom of a bound together Arab state extending from Aleppo to Aden subject to the Hashemites.[84]

Al-Salt inhabitants accumulate on 20 August 1920 during the British High Commissioner’s visit to Transjordan.
The British High Commissioner, Herbert Samuel, ventured out to Transjordan on 21 August 1920 to meet with Al-Salt’s occupants. He there pronounced to a horde of 600 Transjordanian notables that the British government would help the foundation of neighborhood states in Transjordan, which is to be kept separate from that of Palestine. The subsequent gathering occurred in Umm Qais on 2 September, where the British government delegate Major Fitzroy Somerset got a request that requested: a free Arab government in Transjordan to be driven by an Arab ruler (emir); land deal in Transjordan to Jews be halted as well as the counteraction of Jewish migration there; that Britain lay out and support a public armed force; and that deregulation be kept up with among Transjordan and the remainder of the region.[85]

Abdullah, the second child of Sharif Hussein, showed up from Hejaz via train in Ma’an in southern Transjordan on 21 November 1920 to reclaim the Greater Syrian Kingdom his sibling had lost.[86] Transjordan then, at that point, was in confusion, broadly viewed as rebellious with its broken nearby governments.[87] Abdullah acquired the trust of Transjordan’s ancestral chiefs prior to scrambling to persuade them regarding the advantages of a coordinated government.[88] Abdullah’s victories drew the jealousy of the British, in any event, when it was in their interest.[89] The British hesitantly acknowledged Abdullah as leader of Transjordan in the wake of having given him a six-month trial.[90] In March 1921, the British chose to add Transjordan to their Mandate for Palestine, in which they would carry out their “Sharifian Solution” strategy without applying the arrangements of the order managing Jewish settlement. On 11 April 1921, the Emirate of Transjordan was laid out with Abdullah as Emir.[91]

In September 1922, the Council of the League of Nations perceived Transjordan as a state under the details of the Transjordan memorandum.[92][93] Transjordan stayed a British command until 1946, however it had been conceded a more prominent degree of independence than the district west of the Jordan River.[94] Multiple troubles arose upon the suspicion of force in the district by the Hashemite leadership.[95] In Transjordan, little neighborhood uprisings at Kura in 1921 and 1923 were stifled by the Emir’s powers with the assistance of the British.[95] Wahhabis from Najd recovered strength and over and over struck the southern pieces of his region in (1922-1924), genuinely compromising the Emir’s position.[95] The Emir couldn’t repulse those strikes without the guide of the nearby Bedouin clans and the British, who kept an army installation with a little RAF separation near Amman.[95]

Post-freedom
Fundamental article: Timeline of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Ruler Abdullah I on 25 May 1946 perusing the announcement of freedom.
The Treaty of London, endorsed by the British Government and the Emir of Transjordan on 22 March 1946, perceived the freedom of Transjordan upon sanction by the two nations’ parliaments.[96] On 25 May 1946, the day that the settlement was confirmed by the Transjordan parliament, Transjordan was raised to the situation with a realm under the name of the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan, with Abdullah as its first king.[97] The name was abbreviated to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 26 April 1949.[11] 25 May is presently celebrated as the country’s Independence Day, a public holiday.[98] Jordan turned into an individual from the United Nations on 14 December 1955.[11]

On 15 May 1948, as a feature of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jordan mediated in Palestine along with numerous other Arab states.[99] Following the conflict, Jordan controlled the West Bank and on 24 April 1950 Jordan officially attached these regions after the Jericho conference.[100][101] accordingly, some Arab nations requested Jordan’s removal from the Arab League.[100] On 12 June 1950, the Arab League pronounced that the extension was a transitory, commonsense measure and that Jordan was holding the domain as a “legal administrator” forthcoming a future settlement.[102] King Abdullah was killed at the Al-Aqsa Mosque in 1951 by a Palestinian aggressor, in the midst of reports he expected to sign a ceasefire with Israel.[103]

Abdullah was prevailed by his child Talal, who might before long resign because of sickness for his oldest child Hussein.[104] Talal laid out the country’s cutting edge constitution in 1952.[104] Hussein rose to the lofty position in 1953 at the time of 17.[103] Jordan saw extraordinary political vulnerability in the accompanying period.[105] The 1950s were a time of political disturbance, as Nasserism and Pan-Arabism cleared the Arab World.[105] On 1 March 1956, King Hussein Arabized the order of the Army by excusing various senior British officials, a demonstration made to eliminate staying unfamiliar impact in the country.[106] In 1958, Jordan and adjoining Hashemite Iraq framed the Arab Federation as a reaction to the development of the opponent United Arab Republic between Nasser’s Egypt and Syria.[107] The association endured just a half year, being broken up after Iraqi King Faisal II (Hussein’s cousin) was removed by a horrendous military overthrow on 14 July 1958.[107]

Ruler Hussein on 21 March 1968 actually looking at an unwanted Israeli tank in the repercussions of the Battle of Karameh.
Jordan marked a tactical settlement with Egypt not long before Israel sent off a preplanned strike on Egypt to start the Six-Day War in June 1967, where Jordan and Syria joined the war.[108] The Arab states were crushed and Jordan failed to keep a grip on the West Bank to Israel.[108] The War of Attrition with Israel followed, which incorporated the 1968 Battle of Karameh where the consolidated powers of the Jordanian Armed Forces and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) repulsed an Israeli assault on the Karameh camp on the Jordanian line with the West Bank.[108] Despite the way that the Palestinians had restricted contribution against the Israeli powers, the occasions at Karameh earned wide respect and recognition in the Arab world.[109] thus, the time span following the fight saw an upsurge of help for Palestinian paramilitary components (the fedayeen) inside Jordan from other Arab countries.[109] The fedayeen exercises before long turned into a danger to Jordan’s standard of law.[109] In September 1970, the Jordanian armed force designated the fedayeen and the resultant battling prompted the ejection of Palestinian contenders from different PLO bunches into Lebanon, in a contention that became known as Black September.[109]

In 1973, Egypt and Syria pursued the Yom Kippur War on Israel, and battling happened along the 1967 Jordan River truce line.[109] Jordan sent a detachment to Syria to go after Israeli units on Syrian domain yet didn’t draw in Israeli powers from Jordanian territory.[109] At the Rabat culmination meeting in 1974, in the fallout of the Yom-Kippur War, Jordan concurred, alongside the remainder of the Arab League, that the PLO was the “sole genuine delegate of the Palestinian people”.[109] Subsequently, Jordan denied its cases toward the West Bank in 1988.[109]

At the 1991 Madrid Conference, Jordan consented to arrange a truce supported by the US and the Soviet Union.[109] The Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace was endorsed on 26 October 1994.[109] In 1997, in retaliation for a bombarding, Israeli specialists entered Jordan utilizing Canadian identifications and harmed Khaled Meshal, a senior Hamas pioneer living in Jordan.[109] Bowing to serious worldwide tension, Israel gave a counteractant to the toxic substance and delivered many political detainees, including Sheik Ahmed Yassin, in the wake of King Hussein took steps to dissolve the harmony treaty.[109]

Armed force Chief Habis Majali and Prime Minister Wasfi Tal during a tactical motorcade in 1970, two broadly acclaimed public figures.
On 7 February 1999, Abdullah II climbed the high position upon the passing of his dad Hussein, who had administered for almost 50 years.