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Wireless Hacking Techniques

Most wireless hacking attempts are classified as follows:

Cracking encryption and authentication mechanisms These mechanisms include cracking WEP, WPA preshared key authentication passphrases, as well as Cisco’s Lightweight EAP authentication (LEAP).

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Hackers could use these methods in order to access the WLAN with stolen credentials, or to steal information from other users and then decrypt or encrypt it. A security measure against this kind of attack is to use an encryption method that is stronger that is stronger, like AES.

Sniffing or Eavesdropping This type of attack involves taking passwords or other private information using an unsecured WLAN or hotspot. One way to protect yourself against this kind of attack is to utilize SSL application-layer encryption, or a VPN to safeguard user information. Buy Psychologists email lists online.

DoS DoS can be carried out at the physical layer through making a RF signature that is louder than the AP that has an RF transmitter. This causes an authorized AP to fail and users connect to an unauthorized AP. DoS can be carried out in the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer by generating the deauthentication frame (deauth attacks) and continuously creating fake frames or making the wireless NIC transmit a continuous stream of radio waves (Queensland attacks). An alternative is to establish an appropriate security perimeter around your WLAN and identify and eliminate possible sources DoS attacks by using an IDS.

AP Spoofing or Masquerading Rogue devices pretend to be genuine APs making use of the exact setup SSID settings or the network’s name. One way to stop AP disguise is to utilize WIDS to locate and identify the APs that have been spoofed. Buy Psychologists email lists online.

MAC Spoofing The hacker appears to appear to be a legitimate WLAN client, and bypasses MAC filters through spoofing the other client’s MAC address. WIDSs is able detect MAC Spoofing, but not being able to detect MAC filtering is one way to protect yourself from MAC attack spoofing.

The planting of rogue Access points The most risky attack is the rogue AP which has been created to permit a hacker access to the targeted LAN. An alternative is to employ WIPS to find and identify suspicious access points. Buy Psychologists email lists online.

Wireless networks provide hackers with an easy access to the network when the AP is not secured correctly. There are many methods to exploit or hack the weaknesses of a WLAN. There are effective solutions to some of these attacks. The following section will provide the most effective methods for securing your wireless networks.

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Securing Wireless Networks

Wireless networking is still a relatively new technology in comparison to wired networking technologies, less security options are offered. Security techniques can be classified according to the appropriate layer of OSI. OSI model.

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Layer 2 or MAC layer The security options include:

WeP static (not recommended)

WPA

NN WPA2/802.11i

Layer 3, also known as the Layer 3, security options are as the following:

IPSec

SSL VPN

Layer 7, or the Application layer Security options include:

Secure applications, such as Secure Shell (SSH) HTTP over SSL (HTTPS) as well as FTP/SSL (FTPS)

Due to its many weaknesses, WEP shouldn’t be used as the sole security method for WLANs due to its numerous weaknesses. WLAN. Buy Psychologists email address lists online.

Securing Home Wireless Networks

A lot of people who set wireless home networks hurry to achieve Internet connectivity up and running as fast as they can. Small office, the home office (SOHO) network products available that are available make setting up easy and simple, but not always secure. The process of setting up additional security features can be time-consuming and confusing for some home users so they may not be able to implement security features in the first place. Buy Psychologists email address lists online.

Nowadays, wireless networking devices are so widespread and affordable that anyone can establish the WLAN within a matter of minutes, using just $100 worth of equipment. The widespread usage of wireless networks implies that there could be a myriad of possible network intruders within the range of your office or home WLAN. The majority of WLAN hardware is easy enough to setup that a lot of users just connect their devices and begin using the network , without thinking about security. But, spending the time to set up the security features of your access point or wireless router is time well-spent. These suggestions will increase the security and safety features of your wireless network:

Change default administrator passwords as well as usernames. When setting up your access point at home it is common to make use of a web-based application to connect the user interface. Nearly all access points and routers have an administrator password which is required to login to the device and alter the configuration settings. In order to set up these devices they offer a default username and password. Buy Psychologists email address lists online.

A lot of default logins are easy (such that username=admin or password=admin) and are well-known to hackers through the Internet. The majority of devices have an unsecure default password such as “password” and the name of the manufacturer, and certain devices don’t have any default passwords in any way. You must alter the default password for your home AP whenever you can. When you have set up the new device or access point the first step is switching the default administrator password to a different one.

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Utilize WEP/WPA encryption. The majority of Wi-Fi devices support certain forms of encryption. It is a technology that scrambles the messages transmitted via wireless networks to ensure they are not easily for hackers to read them.

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It is recommended to configure the most secure type of encryption that is compatible with your wireless client. 802.11’s WEP (Wired Equivalency Privacy) encryption is known to have flaws, which make it simple for a determined user equipped with the right tools to break the encryption and gain access to your wireless network. The best way to secure your WLAN is by using WPA (Wi-Fi Secured Access). WPA is a much more secure security and is also simpler to use since the password characters aren’t restricted to 0-9 and A-F , as the case with WEP. (Note that WEP is also able to utilize ASCII keystrokes.)

Modify your default SSID. Access points make use of a name for the network, also known as an SSID, which is used to promote the wireless network to users. Manufacturers typically ship their products with the identical SSID set. For instance it is the SSID used by Linksys devices is usually “Linksys.” Simply knowing the SSID doesn’t by itself permit your neighbors to gain access through your security, however it’s an initial step. In addition, if you find an unconfigured SSID this is typically an indicator of a badly configured network. It is recommended to alter the default SSID as soon as you configure wireless security for your network. Buy Psychologists email id lists online.

Don’t auto-connect to Wi-Fi networks with open access. Connecting to an open Wi-Fi connection like a free wireless hotspot or a bogus WLAN can expose your system to security risk. Many computers have a setting that allows these connections to occur automatically, without alerting you. The majority of Versions of Windows will connect to an earlier connected SSID. This setting shouldn’t be turned on unless in emergency circumstances. Buy Psychologists email id lists online.

You can enable the firewall setting on your computer as well as your home access point. Many routers come with built-in firewalls, but you can also remove the firewall. Check that the firewall on your router is enabled. It is recommended to install and configure your personal firewall software on every PC that is connected to your router.

Reduce the WLAN transmitter’s power. It’s not available on all wireless routers or access points, however some of them allow you to decrease the strength of your WLAN transmitter, and consequently decrease the reach of your signal. (Normally this feature is only accessible on access points that are designed for enterprise.) While it’s not possible to adjust a signal specifically that it doesn’t get out into the outside of your business or home however, through some trial and error you could restrict the distance from your home or business the signal is and limit the possibility for people outside your premises to connect to your WLAN. This can also increase the capacity of your access point by restricting the wireless network to the premises of your business. Buy Psychologists email id lists online.

You can disable remote administration. A majority of WLAN routers are able to be managed remotely through the Internet. It is recommended to use this option only if you can identify an IP address specific to you or a restricted range of addresses allowed to connect to the router. Otherwise, nearly anyone could possibly connect to your router. If you absolutely require this feature you should not turn off remote administration. Buy Psychologists email id lists online.

The rapid growth of wireless networks is due to the convenience of wireless networks and an ever-growing mobile workforce. The majority of employees work at home or on the road, and companies are constructing larger enterprise WLANs to allow for increased mobility of their workforce. Many businesses were hesitant to use WLANs due the lack of security and unproven technologies.

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The acceptance of 802.11n promises higher speeds on wireless LANs. This makes them more comparable to Ethernet LANs. This speed increase will boost the amount of businesses that use wireless for business purposes and, consequently, increase security dangers.

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In the last few years, WLAN security mechanisms have advanced to the point that governments and businesses are starting to adopt WLAN technology. If you have the proper security tools and their implementation, WLANs can be protected to a excellent standard. If you follow the security guidelines as well as countermeasures you will be able to protect your WLAN from attack.

Physical security is, in fact, the most crucial aspect of IT security to prevent the destruction or theft confidential or sensitive data. If an organization is unable to ensure adequate physical security, it could be a problem. Buy Psychologists email id directory online.

security, and all other security measures, such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are able to be evaded. There’s a saying: “Once you’re inside, you are the owner of this network.” When you physically secure your network and organization by physically securing it, you can stop someone from stealing equipment like tape drives or laptops and installing hardware keyloggers on the systems, and establishing false access points in the network. Physical security heavily relies on individual users to enforce it, and is susceptible to social engineering attacks, like allowing employees into the building without the appropriate keys or credentials (thus getting around the physical security hurdle).

This chapter will examine the necessity of physical security, and identify who is accountable for planning and the enforcement of it.

The components of Physical Security

Physical security refers to the protection of equipment, personnel systems, networks, programs and data from physical threats and other events that could result in significant damage or losses to an organization, agency or institution. This includes protection against natural disasters, fire and bur-glary theft. vandalism, as well as terrorism.

The physical security aspect is usually omitted (and its significance is often undervalued) to be a part of more dramatic and technical problems like hacking, virus, Trojans, and spyware. However, breaches in physical security are done with almost no technical expertise from the attacker. Additionally, natural catastrophes are part of every day life and, in the long run they are almost inevitable. Buy Psychologists email id directory online.

There are three major components of physical security:

Obstacles can be positioned in the path of potential attackers . Sites are able to be secured against accidental events and environmental catastrophes. These measures include fences, locks walls, fireproof safes as well as water sprinklers.

Systems for notification and surveillance including lighting and smoke detectors, heat sensors alarms, intrusion detectors and cameras, can be set up. Buy Psychologists email id directory online.

Methods can be used to catch criminals (preferably earlier than any injury is done) and to quickly recover from fires, accidents, or natural catastrophes.

It seems like every day, a newspaper article mentions another notable public agency or major company that has compromised customer information or private employee data. For instance laptops can be taken in a home invasion theft or from a hotel room when employees are traveling. The sensitive or confidential information could be risky when it is in the hands of hackers.

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For physical security, as with any security, the most effective strategy is to have a multi-layered security. You shouldn’t rely 100 % on one control to secure your crucial assets. Here are two instances of the instances where a layering method of physical security can be superior than a single security system.

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The first scenario is where guards are the sole security mechanism that is in place. If he gets tired or has an unscheduled break and then an intruder is given the chance to walk straight to your computer and not being recognized. A better way to secure your data center is to make individuals have a specific ID badge before entering the doorway. After that, she’s confronted by a security guard, and recorded on a camera. She must then have an individual key to gain access to in the information center. In this scenario there are four defenses to guard your valuables.

In the second security scenario in the second security example, an employee doesn’t have enough money to buy an expensive laptop, so he decides to take the personal computer to home to play his most-loved video game. He’s distracted by the bus or train to get home, and loses his bag that contained the laptop. The laptop doesn’t have any security safeguards installed and is a repository of sensitive information. If the most effective practices were implemented in this case, multiple layers would be put in place to deter the person from taking the laptop out of the protected environment. Buy Psychologists email id outlook  online.

A acceptable use policy must be implemented to highlight the importance of taking away corporate property and sensitive information off the property. Laptops should be equipped with multi-factor authentication as well as disk encryption installed, to ensure that should it gets stolen or lost the information on it is not accessible to anyone else. If the surrounding was particularly sensitive to tracking, devices could be installed on all mobile devices. And when they travel a distance that is not acceptable away from office premises, an alarm could be activated to alert security personnel.

It is essential to have several security measures in place, since the more defenses there are the less vulnerable to threats. It is also important to be aware that you may have multiple layers of security measures to protect your asset and can be easily and quickly circumvented when the physical security is compromised. Buy Psychologists email id outlook  online.

The theft of equipment is among the most frequently occurring physical security threats. The majority of people don’t think about that their computers will be taken and aren’t confident regarding locking host systems. Instead they use common security protocols for networks.

A lot of insider attacks are caused by physical security attacks. When hackers gain physical access to the server, a single user system, or networking port, consequences can be devastating. Furthermore, such security attacks are hard to detect and trace or track. A few of the most frequent security-related breaches that result from inadequate physical security are :

Installation of malware, such as keyloggers Trojans, viruses Backdoors, rootkits or keyloggers

Capture and identification of authentication or validation credentials, such as certificates or passwords

Connection to wired networks is necessary to access confidential information such as passwords , credit card numbers. Buy Psychologists email id outlook  online.

Systems that have access to collect information that could be used to hack passwords locally stored on the system.

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Possibility to install fake access points in order to create a wireless network that has connection to wired network

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Theft of electronic or paper documents

Theft of confidential fax information

Attacks using dumpster diving (emphasizing the necessity to shred important documents) Signs of a security breach that is physical can include, but aren’t restricted to

Door alarms that are not authorized or unresolved. Buy Psychologists email id database online.

Unauthorized persons was recorded on security cameras

Broken lock of door or the fence around the outside

Evidence of people or vehicles both inside and outside the perimeter fence

Communications loss that isn’t able to be explained

Equipment that is missing or not properly identified
Understanding Physical Security

Security measures generally can be classified into the following three categories:

Physical Physical measures to block access to the system include security guards, lighting fences, gates, locks and alarms. 

The access points for facilities must be limitedand should be monitored/secured by closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras and alarms. The entry point to the facility must be restricted to only authorized users. Laptops, laptops, and removable media like removable backup tapes, drives and disks must be restricted and monitored. The screens of computers should be placed so that they are not visible to passers-by. Buy Psychologists email id database online.

Additionally, it is recommended to establish a policy and enforced to require users to shut down their devices whenever they exit their computer, for whatever reason. Computers that contain sensitive information should be secured by a secure and enclosed space, such as a credential access room equipped with a rack-mount cabinet and locking device. Buy Psychologists email id database online.

Technical Security Measures for Technical Security like firewalls IDS, firewalls and spyware content filtering as well as Trojan and virus scanning must be implemented on every remote client system such as net-works, servers, and. Security measures for technical security, like the control of access are carried out with the use of passwords, authentication as well as permissions for files and folders. Other technological controls are implemented using computer software, for example, virus scanning and firewalls for hosts. Technical control refers to any security system implemented using hardware or software on computers.

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Security for Operational Operations is managed by means of administrative controls, such as accepted use guidelines, employment policies and security guidelines. Security measures for operational security to evaluate risks and conduct risk assessments must be documented in the security policy of the company.

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Security measures that are operational and technical are discussed in the other chapters in this book. Countermeasures that are technical are described in every chapter of the book (except the beginning and the final chapters).

Physical security measures are necessary to the same reason that you require other forms in security (such as operational or technical) to stop hackers from accessing your network or your data. Hackers can gain access to your network through flaws in physical security measures. Furthermore, data can be damaged or lost due to natural disasters, which is why risk managers should consider adding natural disasters into the mix when determining the right security measures. The physical measures of security have been created to protect against the following issues:

Unauthorized access to computer system

The theft of data from systems

Data corruption on a computer

Data loss or damage to systems can be caused by natural causes

Data taken from VA Laptop

In 2006 the laptop laptop PC was stolen from house of an Department of Veterans Affairs data analyst who (against department policy) returned the laptop to his home. The laptop contained information on around 26.5 millions U.S. military veterans. Buy Psychologists email database leads online.

It is believed to be an unintentional burglary, and the person who took the laptop didn’t know that the information was stored in the computer. The thieves stole both his laptop and an external hard drive, which contained name, dates of birth along with Social Security numbers of every veteran who was discharged following 1975.

The VA said on the fact that this worker “took home a significant amount of personal data that was obtained from the VA which he wasn’t allowed to do. This was in breach of our rules and regulations.” The security incident is a good example of how your most private data could easily fall into the fingers by identity theft crooks. Buy Psychologists email database leads online.

A number of veterans’ groups filed legal actions against the VA following the breach being identified. Three years after the incident parties have reached an agreement. Veterans who are able to prove of actual damage like emotional distress which causes physical pain, or the cost of credit monitoring, are entitled to receive payments of up to $1500. The settlement amounts to 20 million dollars in costs for the VA. Buy Psychologists email database leads online.

This is only one instance of how crucial physical security for sites and enforcing policies is to ensure privacy for personal data. Organizations that are found to be in breach of safeguarding the data they were entrusted could be subject to heavy penalties.

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The following members of an organization are accountable to ensure physical security:

The security guard of the company’s physical location.

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Professionals working in the Information System

Chief information officer of NN employees
In essence, everyone within an organization is accountable to enforce physical security rules. It’s the physical security official’s duty to establish the standard for physical security and to implement physically security precautions.

It is the responsibility of companies to educate all employees on Security awareness education. The best way to protect yourself from physical security threats is to educate personnel to become aware any breaches in physical security. Buy Psychologists mailing lists online.

Physical security is affected by elements that are not controlled by physical security. Factors that may impact the physical security of an organization include:

Vandalism

Theft

Natural causes, like fire, earthquake or flooding

Security professionals must be aware of these risks and prepare according to these risks. Many businesses have a business continuity plan (BCP) or a disaster plans for recovery (DRP) to plan for the possibility of these events. Buy Psychologists mailing lists online.

Physical Security Countermeasures for Site Security

There are a few easy methods to increase the security of your physical environment within your company. A lot of times, improving security means enforcement of the policies and procedures that are in place. It is common for people to loosen up in the enforcement of guidelines and policies over time. To maintain a high degree of security, every person in the organization needs to be on guard to protect the data consents of the company.

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The following countermeasures must be taken to ensure a strong physical security for the site

Secure the server room. Before you secure servers with technical devices and before turning their power on the first time be sure to install high-quality locks installed on the door to the server room. Of course, even the most powerful locks in the world do nothing if it’s not utilized, which is why you have to establish policies that require that those doors remain locked whenever the room is not in use. 

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The policies should define who is the person with the key or code to gain access into. In the server area, you are at the center of your network’s physical infrastructure Anyone who has physical access to your servers, routers, switches cables, as well as other devices within that room can cause a lot of damage. Buy Psychologists mailing address lists online.

Set up and monitor the video surveillance. Secure the doors into the server area is a great start, but there is a chance that there is a chance that someone would break into the room or someone with been granted access may abuse this power. It is essential to track who comes into and out, and at what time. Log books to record who is into and out can be the most essential method of doing this, however it is not without its drawbacks. Anyone with malicious intentions will likely to bypass the system. 

The best alternative to that of a log book, is to use an authentication system integrated into locking devices and a smart card, token or biometric scan is needed to open the doors, and also a record is kept about the identities of every person that enters. A surveillance camera with video, located in a place which is hard to disable or alter but provides a clear glimpse of the people who are going in and out, is a good idea to complement either the log book, or an electronic access system. Buy Psychologists mailing address lists online.

Surveillance cameras are able to monitor the entire time and can also make use of motion detection to record only those who are moving. They are also programmed to send emails or cell phone notifications in the event that motion is detected even at times it shouldn’t be like during off hours.

It is essential that the devices that are most at risk are secured in a secure room. Not just servers you need to physically protect. other networking equipment too needs to be protected. Hackers could plug the laptop of a computer into a hub, and then employ sniffer software to record data that travels across the network. It is important to ensure that the majority as your devices are secured in the room. Phone rooms and wiring closets are easy targets when they’re not secured. Buy Psychologists mailing address lists online.

Protect your workstations. Hackers could use any unsecure computer attached to the Internet to gain access to or erase information that is important to your company. Desks that are unoccupied or in offices with no use, like the ones that are used by employees away on vacation or have left the company but have hasn’t yet been replaced, or at areas that are accessible to anyone outside, such like the receptionist’s desk at the front especially vulnerable. 

Remove and disconnect computers that aren’t in use or secure the doors of offices that are empty even if they are empty for a short period during the time an employee is having lunch or on sick leave. If computers are required to be kept in areas that are open, and sometimes away from the view of employees, install biometric or smart card readers, making it more difficult for anyone with a password to access the computer. Buy Psychologists mailing address lists online.

Stop intruders from opening the computer. Workstations and servers should be guarded from thieves who are able to access the case and take your hard disk. It’s much simpler to get out with a disk in your pocket than transport a whole tower out of the building. A lot of computor models include case locks to stop the user from opening the case without keys.

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Make sure that your portable devices are secure. Laptops and handheld computers present specific security threats.

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The thief could easily take the entire system, including any information saved on its hard drive and network logon passwords which could be saved. If employees have laptops on workstations, they must carry them with them as they leave the office or attach them to a fixed location using the use of a cable lock. 

Handhelds can be locked into the drawer or secured when employees leave the workplace. Motion-sensing alarms can also be used to alert you when your device is moved. If your portable contains sensitive data, full biometric readers, disk encryption as well as software which “phones home” in the event that the laptop is stolen is connected to Internet could be used to supplement physical security. Buy Psychologists mailing id lists online.

A lot of smart phones have the ability to perform remote wipes if the device gets missing or taken.

Make backups. Backups of important data are crucial to recovery from disasters But be aware that the data stored on backup tapes, disks or discs could be stolen and used by anyone outside the organization. A lot of IT administrators store backups close to them in the server area. They should be secured in a safe or drawer at the very minimum. Ideally backups should be kept away from the site and you should be sure that they are safe in an offsite area. 

Do not forget that certain employees may backup their work using USB keys, floppy disks as well as external hard drives. If this is permitted or encouraged, you must be sure to enforce policies that demand that backups are locked to ensure that they are always secure. Buy Psychologists mailing id lists online.

Disable removable media drives. To stop employees from copying information about the company onto removable media You can deactivate or eliminate floppy drives, USB ports, as well as other ways for attaching external storage devices. Disconnecting the cables will not stop tech-savvy workers from using them. Some businesses go as that they use glue or other substances in order to completely block their use however there are software options which prohibit this and permit an administrator to enable the drive again. Buy Psychologists mailing id lists online.

Secure your printers. You may not be thinking about printers as security threats however, many modern printers keep documents inside their own memory onboard. If hackers steal the printer’s memory, they could be able to create copies of the documents printed in recent times. Printers, just like servers and workstations that hold important data, must be secured and secured so that no one could steal the printer. 

Also , think about the security of the documents printed by workers. It’s best to adopt the practice of immediately shredding all printed documents that are not needed even if they don’t contain confidential information. This helps establish a habit and relieves the user of the burden of deciding the appropriateness of a document to be destroyed. Buy Psychologists mailing id lists online.
Institute badges for all employees and contractors. Start a badge program which includes a photo of the employee and color-coded places of accessibility. Visitors and contractors should also wear badges and be watched, escorted and watched throughout their entire stay. It should be a normal practice for all employees to ask questions of any person who does not possess a clearly visible ID badge.

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Beware of “tailgaters.” They wait for someone who has access to a controlled space, like one with an unlocked door, and then proceed to follow the person who is authorized into the building.

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They enter the building without their own keys or card keys or lock combination. Smokers who are in the outside of the building appear to be the most vulnerable to “tailgating” after having shared an hour or two together, it’s common to open the door for smokers who are not there when the smoking break is finished.

Exercise 11.1 is watching a video on the art of picking locks. It is important to know how to pick locks to be able to see how an intruder could gain physical access to.

The majority of attacks against your company’s information are able to penetrate the network but not all attacks are of a technical the sense that they are technical in. It is essential that businesses keep in mind that a robust network security program won’t protect them from physical attacks or the theft of data.

of the data and of the resources that hold of that data and the resources that contain it. Physical attacks can be from outside an organization, but they can also be insiders–disgruntled employees or contractors are com-monly found to be the source of physical site attacks. Buy Psychologists mailing id outlook online.

If so Are parking areas appropriately marked so that law enforcement officers to enforce their rights whenever necessary? Examples: restricted parking zones, handicapped parking.

Have you established a rule that keys to facilities and key rings are not identified with information that indicates the establishment to which they are affixed?

Do you need the keys to your filing cabinet be taken out of locks and put in a safe area when they are not in use?

Have you got a competent person who is in charge of your key-control system?

Shred any sensitive papers prior disposing of them?

Do you lock briefcases or bags containing important items in a secure location when they are not in use?

Are you insistence on the proper identification of every repair person and vendor that enter your establishment?

Do you clean your desks of important papers each evening?

Do you often switch the combination on your safe?

Does access to computers be restricted to authorized users?

Have you implemented your own employee ID badges system for your employees?

If you have guards on duty during off hours do you make regular unannounced visits to make sure they’re performing their duties correctly?

Alarms

Do your properties have an alarms?

Are the alarms accredited through Underwriters Laboratory?

Do you test the system on a daily basis?

Does the system send signals to an central station of the alarm company or a police facility?

Does the system come with an automated backup power source that is activated during power outages?

Does the system not have false alarms?

Does the system use anti-tampering technology?

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What to do after A Security Breach Happens

Even when an organization has physical countermeasures to its site the possibility of a security breach can still happen. If a security breach does occur, there are a few recommended steps that your organization can take to ensure that it doesn’t happen in the future:

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Create a physical security incident response plan, that includes an assessment of threat and the response to the incident, recovery, and post-incident review in order to handle the aftermath of a security or physical attack incident.

Create policies, standards and procedures to facilitate an incident-response procedure. Buy Psychologists mailing id directory online.

Identify the stakeholders–including the security incident response team, personnel within the organization, and external parties who are likely to be involved in manag-ing and reviewing the information security incident.

Security for networks starts with the physical layer. All the firewalls on the planet can’t stop an intruder that has the physical control of your network or computers, so be sure to lock them and secure. Physical access to your corporate information gained by an unauthorised individual is a breach of the security of your company. When someone gains physical access data, whether it’s a stolen laptop , lost media or documents, you are vulnerable to more attacks and an abundance of negative publicity. It is crucial to put in place physical security measures on your site to guard against attacks before they happen. Buy Psychologists mailing id directory online.

Hacking Linux Systems

Linux is a well-known operating system that has system administrators due to its code that is open source and adaptability, which allows anyone to alter it. Due to its open source nature

of Linux of which there are variations, referred to by the term distros (or distros). A number of Linux distributions have developed into reliable commercial operating systems that can be used on desktop computers and servers. The most popular commercial distributions are Red Hat, Debian, Mandrake and SUSE among others. Some of the most popular free versions include Gentoo as well as Knoppix. Buy Psychologists mailing id directory online.

The flexibility of Linux and its open source, in conjunction with the growth of Linux applications, has resulted in Linux the preferred operating system of choice for a variety of platforms. While Linux is more secure as compared to Windows operating systems but it does have weaknesses that can be used to attack. This chapter will cover the basics of how to get started using Linux to run an OS and learning how to protect the system to attack.

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Linux Basics

Linux is a loosely based version of Unix and anybody who is comfortable with working in an Unix environment is likely to operate an Linux system. The majority of the tools and commands are available on the majority of distros.

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A variety of text editors are accessible within the Linux system, such as vi ex, pico Jove and

GNU emacs. A lot of Unix people would prefer “simple” editors such as vi. However, vi isn’t without its limitations.

due to its age and the majority of modern editors such as Emacs have been popular in recent years because of its age. Buy Psychologists mailing leads online.

The majority of the standard Linux applications include GNU software, meaning that they are free to distribute to the public. GNU utilities also provide advanced features not available in the basic editions that are available in BSD or UNIX System. The fact is, GNU utilities are intended to be in sync with BSD.

The shell can be described as a command line program interface that permits users to type commands and then the system will execute commands by the user. Furthermore numerous shells offer options such as task control and the capability to handle multiple processes simultaneously as well as output and input redirection, as well as the command language that allows you to write shell scripts. Shell scripts are a program written in shell’s command language. It’s identical to the MS-DOS batch file. Buy Psychologists mailing leads online.

A variety of shells are available on Linux. One of the most significant differences between shells is the language used to command. For instance C SHell (csh) C SHell (csh) employs the same command language as C. C programming language. The traditional Bourne SHell (sh) uses another command language. The selection of a shell is often determined by the command language that it supports and decides what features are accessible for the users. Buy Psychologists mailing leads online.

It is the GNU Bourne Again Shell (bash) is a version from the Bourne Shell, which includes several advanced features, including command history, job control command and filename completion and an interface to edit files. Another well-known shell is tcsh. It’s which is a variant of the C Shell with advanced functionality similar to the one found in bash. Some shells are zsh an incredibly small Bourne-like shell The Korn Shell (ksh); BSD’s Ash; and rc, which is the Plan 9 shell. Buy Psychologists mailing leads online.

Moving across the Linux files system could require some time to get familiar with if you’re predominantly an Windows user. The commands listed in Table 12.1 will assist you in beginning with through the Linux the file system.

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Compiling the Linux Kernel

Due to the open nature of the source code in Linux and its source code, it is distributed for free. Source code for Linux is made available in binary files that require compilation to operate properly as operating system.

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These binary file formats are accessible to all and can be downloaded or modified in order to add or alter features. There are three main reasons why a user may want to rebuild this Linux kernel:

There may be some equipment which is so new there isn’t a kernel module for it available the distribution disc. Buy Psychologists email lists online.

You might have run across an issue that was fixed by a change to your operating system.

There may be a new software program which requires a higher version of the operating system.

Making your own Linux kernel can be a great way to increase versatility, but one should be cautious about where sources they are downloading the code. The site could contain malicious or corrupted software Trojans, viruses, or backdoors in sources of code. For security reasons, you should only download Linux from reputable and reliable Internet sites or purchase an official distro. One good site to download Linux distros can be found at www.frozentech.com. Buy Psychologists email lists online.

After you’ve made any required changes, save the configuration and then type make and make clean at the prompt. The first command creates the tree of interdependencies within the kernel source files. These dependencies could have been affected by the settings you’ve selected during the configuration process. The make clean command cleans all unwanted files that were left behind by previous versions that have been made by the kernel. Buy Psychologists email lists online.
Select which Linux edition from the dropdown menu. The recommended Linux distro to use for CEH software is BackTrack however, make sure to look at the distrowatch.com website to find out the tools that are included in every distro. Another alternative is downloading your personal Linux ISO file and select the Disk Image radio button.

Insert a blank USB drive into your computer. The data stored on the USB drive will be deleted, so be sure that it doesn’t contain any files you would like to keep. Be sure that you have a USB drive is big enough to accommodate the complete ISO image. Buy Psychologists email lists online.

Select USB Drive as the type and select the drive’s letter for you USB drive.

Click OK, and then allow UNetbootin to complete formatting and copying the distro files to the drive.

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GCC Compilation Commands

GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) can be described as a command line compiler that reads the source code and transforms it into an executable. It is available for download at http://gcc.gnu.org (many Linux distributions also contain an version which is GCC). GCC allows you to build and run C, C++ and FORTRAN applications to make them capable of running on an Linux system.

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Following command is a way to compile C++ code with the GCC to be used as an application:

g++ filename.cpp -o outputfilename.out

The command for compiling C code using GCC to use it for application purposes is as the following:

gcc filename.c -o outputfilename.out

Installing Linux Kernel Modules

Linux Kernel Modules (LKMs) enable you to add additional functionality on your system, without needing to rebuild the OS. Buy top Psychologists email address lists online.

One of the risks when using LKMs is the fact that rootkits may easily be developed as an LKM. If loaded, it will infect the kernel. Therefore, it is recommended to download LKMs from trusted sources. Buy top Psychologists email address lists online.

The most common LKM rootkits include Knark, Adore, and Rtkit. Since they affect the kernel which is why these rootkits are difficult to spot than those that don’t show up as LKMs. After a system is compromised, hackers can install the LKM within the /tmp directory or /var/tmp directory that is not controlled by the administrator of the system by hiding processes files, files, as well as network connections. System calls could also be replaced by those of the hacker’s choice on a system that has been infected with the LKM rootkit.

The command to load an LKM will be modprobe LKM.

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Linux Hardening Methods

The process of hardening involves enhancing security for a system through making changes of the software. Linux can be secured through the use of some of these techniques of hardening.

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The first step in protecting the server’s security, whether Linux and Windows the first step is to ensure it’s secured in a location like an operations center for networks, which blocks hackers from gaining physical permission to access the server.

The next and obvious security measure is to make use of strong passwords and avoid giving the passwords or usernames to anyone. Administrators must make sure that the system does not have invalid passwords by ensuring that all accounts are protected by passwords stored in the Linux the /etc/shadow file. Buy top Psychologists email id database online.

The default security option that is deny everything a great option to protect the system against a network attack. When you apply deny, administrators is able to grant access to particular users. With the deny all command to ensure that users don’t have access to data they shouldn’t be able to access. The command for denying access to all users on the network appears like this:

Cat “All:All”>> /etc/hosts.deny

Another way to secure an Linux server would be to delete unnecessary services and ensure the system is updated with the most recent bug fixes. Administrators must also examine the system logs regularly for any unusual activity that might be a sign of an attack. Buy top Psychologists email id database online.

The following are additional suggested steps to increase the security of the Linux server:

Selection of Operating System and Installation

Make use of a well-known and well-known Linux distribution.

Install disk partitioning (or the logical volume) with consideration of security concerns. Buy top Psychologists email id database online.

Following the initial OS installation, you can apply any patches to the operating system that were released since the media for installation was made.

Set up and allow IP tables.

Install an intrusion detection system based on host (HIDS).

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Do not install any unnecessary programs or services.

Make sure you are using the highest security/trusted operating system version , if you are able to do so.

Make sure to secure the boot loader application (such as lilo and GRUB) by using an encryption password.

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You can enable the single-user mode password If necessary.

Security Local File Systems

Check for inadvertent file and directory permissions. Then, fix any issues you spot. The most important ones are:

Group or world-wide writable system directories and executables

NN Group and/or world writable directories for home of the user

Choose mount options (such such as nosuid) for local file systems that make use of security features offered by the operating system. Buy top Psychologists email leads online.

Secure sensitive data within the device.

Configuring and deactivating Services

Disable or remove all unnecessary services. The services are launched in many different ways: in the /etc/inittab file, in the boot scripts for your system or via inetd. If possible, the soft-ware for a service that is not needed should be eliminated from the system in entirety. Buy top Psychologists email leads online.

Make use of secure versions of daemons in the event that you can get them.

If possible you can run server processes as the special user that was created to serve this purpose, and not as root.

If you are able when necessary, put servers in separated directory trees using the chroot feature. Buy top Psychologists email leads online.

Set a maximum number instances of services, if it is possible.

You must specify access control and logging for the entire range of services. Install TCP Wrappers when necessary. Provide only the minimum level of access required. Make sure to include an entry into /etc/hosts.deny which blocks access to all (so access only allowed within /etc/hosts.allow will be allowed). Buy top Psychologists email leads online.

Utilize any per-service user-level access control feature that is offered. For instance, the at and cron subsystems permit you to limit which users are able to use them. Some recommend restricting at and cron access to administrators.

Security is a must for all services, no matter if they are security-related or not (such for printing).

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Secure the root Account

Choose a secure root password and create a plan to change it frequently.

If you can, limit the su command’s use to a specific group.

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Use sudo or system role to grant ordinary users restricted root privileges when required.

Do not allow direct root logins unless from the console on the system. Buy top Psychologists mailing id lists online.

Determining the the User Account Password Selection process and Altering Settings

Create default account restrictions for users according to the need.

Create the default user initialization files for the directory /etc/skel. Also, set up the files that are used for system-wide initialization.

Check that administrator and system accounts where no one is allowed to log in, have a password disabled and /bin/false or a different shell that is not a login.

Eliminate unneeded default accounts. Buy top Psychologists mailing id lists online.

Securing Remote Authentication

Deleting /etc/hosts.equiv or .rhosts authenticate with a password.

Utilize ssh as well as its associated commands to access all remote users. Deleting rlogin, RSH, the telnet protocol, ftp, rcp and more.

Monitoring Ongoing System Performance

Configure the syslog service. Send or copy syslog message to a central server to ensure redundancy. Buy top Psychologists mailing id lists online.

Allow process accounting.

Install Tripwire set it up, configure it and keep track of system baseline data. Write the data onto removable media, and then take its data from the computer. In the end, you must configure Tripwire to be running on a daily basis.

Create and implement a strategy to monitor log data for security-related incidents.

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Eliminate any sources of kernel code or other software removed from your system.

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Include the new host in the security settings for other platforms, within the list of router access control lists, etc.

Verify the security updates from the vendor for any software installed.

Detecting Listening Network Ports

One of the most crucial jobs in the security of Linux is to find and shut down network ports that aren’t required. This guide will teach you how to find an inventory of the listening network ports (TCP and UDP sockets). Buy top Psychologists mailing id leads online.

Start your BackTrack Linux USB drive you have created in a previous exercise. Be aware this: BackTrack is not required to complete this exercise. These commands can be used in conjunction with every Linux installation.

Start a command prompt and enter netstat -tulp. This command will show the list of ports that are open within your computer. Buy top Psychologists mailing id leads online.

Hacking a Linux Installation that is default

I was employed at a small consultancy company where the majority of the consultants were proficient on Windows systems, however they had no expertise in various operating system. A custom builder was keen to utilize Linux for their e-commerce website as well, so, since our company was keen to retain them as a client we agreed to set up this Linux platform for them. Since none of our consultants had prior experience using Linux the system was set up with a variety of options that were standard and default.

After when the system had been set up the online shopping portal was attacked and the database of customers was compromised. Personal information of customers and the credit card details were leaked by hackers. The company also experienced a denial of-service attack, and the website was unavailable to users, leading to the loss of business. Buy top Psychologists mailing id leads online.

Following the attack, a consulting company that specialized in security carried out a forensic analysis and discovered that the access rights of group members and users within the Linux system were set to defaults, which hackers used to infiltrate the system. The consulting firm suggested our company that in the future, Linux should be hacked after installation by creating and activating IP tables and configuring Linux configuration parameters that are related to security, deactivating the unneeded daemons and network services and changing default passwords and blocking remote root logins using the ssh.

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It is crucial to grasp the fundamentals that comprise understanding the Linux operating system because a number of applications and web servers use an under-lying version of Linux. To pass the CEH exam, you need to be familiar with the ways to operate your Linux OS and be aware of the steps to take to secure a default Linux installation.

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USB drives or Live CDs can be a fantastic option to begin learning how to utilize the fundamental tools for those who are unfamiliar with Linux.

Learn about the benefits of Linux in the market. Linux has gained popularity since the advent of commercial versions as well as available applications. Linux can be utilized as a hacking platform as a server, or even as a workstation.

Learn how to utilize the Linux Live CD. Find the ISO file. Copy it onto a CDand then boot the system from the CD to run it with the Linux operating system. Buy best Psychologists email online.

Learn the steps for creating an Linux operating system. Download and locate the binary files. You can also make those Linux source files. Then install the compile OS.

Know how to make a hardened Linux system. Make use of a well-known distribution, alter your default passwords deactivate your root password, make use of IP tables, utilize an HIDS, install the most current updates, and keep track of log files to secure the Linux system.

Learn the way LKMs are utilized. LKMs are a useful addition to the Linux system, however they should only be utilized from trusted sources. Buy best Psychologists email online.

Be aware of GCC compilation. GCC compilers can be used to develop executable software out of C and C++ sources of code.
Bypassing

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) and firewalls and honeypots all are measures to ensure that hackers are not in a position to gain access to networks or the target system. An IDS as well as a firewalls are both filters for packets and are used to track the flow of traffic in accordance with a defined rule set. Honeypots are fake system designed to lure hackers away from important targets. Like other security tools, IDSs, firewalls, and honeypots can only be as effective in their design and operation. It is crucial to know how they function and offer security since they are often targets of attacks.

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Different types of IDSs as well as Evasion Strategies

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) look over traffic for signs of attack or strange pattern of behavior.

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A packet sniffer scans and analyzes traffic. It is an integrated element in an IDS. An IDS warns the command center or system administrator via email, pager or cell phone whenever an event that is listed in the security events list triggers. Intrusion prevention systems (IPSs) implement countermeasures, for blocking traffic, such as when a suspected flow of traffic is identified. IPSs automate the reaction to intrusion attempts and permit you to automate the ability to deny access. Buy best Psychologists email leads online.

There are two major kinds of IDS:

Host-Based Host-based IDSs (HIDSs) are programs that are installed on a single computer or host, and filter events or traffic based on an established signature list for that particular operating system. The HIDSs comprise Norton Internet Security and Cisco Security Agent (CSA). A variety of worms and Trojans could shut down an HIDS. The HIDS can also be set up directly on servers in order to detect attacks on corporate resources and applications. Buy best Psychologists email leads online.

Network Based IDSs based on Networks (NIDSs) comprise software tools which are located on the network. They’re designed for security purposes and to identify the various types of network traffic that is malicious and activities that aren’t recognized by a standard firewall. This includes attacks on networks against vulnerable services, data attacks on apps; host-based attack like privilege escalation, insecure logins, as well as access to sensitive files and malware. These are passive systems. The IDS sensor detects a possible security breach, then logs the data, and sends an alert to the console. Buy best Psychologists email leads online.

The position of an IDS based on a network in an architecture of networks is illustrated in figure 13.1. The network IDS sensor could be placed as the first spot of detection, either in between the firewalls and Internet as well as on the semi-private DMZ and detecting any attacks on servers within the company. In addition, a network IDS may be placed within the private network of the company which has corporate servers being able to detect any possible attack on the servers.

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