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The COVID-19 crisis has increased and intensified the trend towards digitalisation which was previously observed prior to the outbreak and, in particular, using AI. The global investment in AI is predicted to double by between 2020 and 2024, ranging from USD50 billion in 2020, to over USD110 billion by 2024 (IDC 2020[11). A growing AI use in finance, in areas like asset management such as algorithmic trading, credit underwriting , or blockchain-based financial services is facilitated by the abundant supply of information and increased and cheaper computing power. Buy Panama email lists.

The introduction of AI in finance is anticipated to provide competitive advantages for banks by leveraging two major options: (a) by improving efficiency of firms by reducing costs and efficiency improvement, thus increasing profitability (e.g. improved decision-making processes and processes automated execution, benefits from the improvement in the management of risk and back-office compliance and other process optimization) as well as (b) through enhancing the quality of the financial products and services provided to consumers (e.g. new products and services, or high-customisation of the products or services). Buy Panama email lists. This competitive advantage could be beneficial to consumers of the financial sector, either by improved quality of products, the variety of options as well as personalisation decreasing their costs.

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What makes the use of AI in finance important to policy makers? Panama b2b database

AI financial applications can cause or increase financial and non-financial risk that could lead to possible financial consumer and investor security issues. The application of AI increases the risk that could impact a financial institution’s security and stability, due to the inability to explain or ability to interpret AI models, which have the potential for procyclicality as well as risks to the system in the market.

The complexity of knowing how the model produces results can lead to incompatibilities with the existing financial supervision and internal governance structures, and it could also challenge the policy-making process that is technology neutral. Buy Panama email lists. AI can pose specific risks in terms of protection for consumers like the possibility of unfair, biased or discriminatory results for consumers or concerns regarding the management of data and usage. Although many of the risks that come to AI in finance aren’t exclusive to AI but the application of AI could increase the risk of such weaknesses because of the level of complexity of the methods employed as well as the flexibility of AI-based models as well as their autonomy levels for the most sophisticated AI applications.

Machine Learning, ARTIFICIAL Intelligence and BIG Data in Finance (c) The OECD 2021 Panama Email Lists

Governance and Accountability Panama customers database

Model governance arrangements

Lines of accountability and accountability

Models of infrastructure outsourcing

Policy Frameworks Panama Email Lists.

AI complexity poses a challenge to the technology neutral approach (e.g. explanationability, self-learning, dynamic adjustment)

Possible incompatibilities with current legal or reg frameworks

The risk of policy fragmentation (across sectors)

Employment and skills

Risks that are not financial (data Fairness, data)

Inequity, bias and results that are discriminatory (inadequate use of data , or inadequate quality data)

Privacy and confidentiality of data Panama customers database

Explainability

What is the reason and how it produces results?

Inability to modify strategies during times of stress

Increase the risk of systemic instability, amplify procyclicality

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Incompatible with regulatory/supervisory frameworks and internal governance

Very difficult to oversee AI algorithms and ML models. email marketing database Panama

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Robustness and Resilience buy Panama email database

Unintended consequences at the market/firm level

Overfitting, Model drifts (data, concept drifts),

Correlations as causal

Human involvement is crucial.

Source: OECD staff illustration.

What is the impact of AI altering some aspects of financial markets?

AI methods are utilized to asset management and buy-side market for allocation of assets and stock selection using ML models’ capability to recognize signals and to capture the underlying relationships that exist in large data. They also serve to improve operations workflows as well as risk control. The application of AI techniques can be restricted to large institutions or asset managers with the resources and capacity to invest in these techniques. Panama mailing lists.

When utilized in trades, AI adds a layer of complexity to the traditional trading using algorithms, since the algorithms learn from inputs from data and then evolve into computer-programmed algorithms that can identify and then execute trades with no human intervention. In highly digitalized markets such as FX and equity marketplaces, AI algorithms can enhance the management of liquidity as well as execute large orders, with minimal market impactby optimizing length, size, and order size in a dynamic manner dependent upon market trends. The traders can also employ AI to manage risk and to manage order flow to speed up execution and create efficiency.  Panama mailing lists.

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Similar to non-AI models as well as algos, the usage of the similar ML models used in a wide range of finance professionals could result in herding behavior and one-way market, which could pose risks for stability and liquidity of the system, especially in situations of extreme stress. While AI algo trading could enhance liquidity during periods of normality, it could cause convergence, and, as a result, to periods of insolvency during times of stress as well as flash crashes. Market volatility can increase due to massive purchases or sales that are that are executed at the same time, leading to new vulnerability sources. 

The convergence of trading strategies increases the potential for self-reinforcing feedback loops which could result in abrupt price movements. The convergence of these strategies also increases the likelihood of cyber-attacks because it is easier for cybercriminals to influence other agents operating similarly. These risks are present in every type of trading algorithms, however using AI increases the risk due to their capacity to continuously learn and adapt to changing circumstances in a completely self-sufficient manner. For instance, AI models can identify signals and study the consequences of herding and adjust their behavior and learning to advance upon the first signals. 

The level of complexity and the difficulty of explaining and replicating the decision-making process of AI models and algorithms make it difficult to manage the dangers.

Machine Learning, ARTIFICIAL Intelligence and BIG Data in Finance (c) The OECD 2021  Panama mailing lists.

AI technology could increase the risk of illegal practices in trading that aim to manipulate markets and make it harder for supervisors to spot these practices when collusion between AI models is present. This is because of the dynamic adapting capability of self-learning models as well as deep-learning AI models, since they recognize interdependencies between themselves and change their behavior to match the actions and actions of market participants or AI models, and possibly reach an outcome that is collusive without human intervention, and possibly without the user having any idea.

Figure 2. Effects of AI on business models and activities in the financial sector

Asset Management Credit intermediation

Recognize signals, and capture the the underlying patterns in massive data. Panama Email Lists

Improve operational workflows, improve managing risk email marketing database Panama

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Potentially, alpha-generating

Problems with concentration, competition, and other concerns buy Panama email database

Convergence of strategies.

Reduce underwriting cost, efficiencies

Credit extension for thin file and clients with no score

The financial inclusion of SME funding insufficient . Panama email database lists.

Risques of different impacts on the outcomes of credit

Possibility of discriminatory or unfair loans and biases

Exacerbated by BigTech lending

Blockchain-based finance based on Algo Trading

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Increase risk management and improve the management of liquidity

Facilitate the execution of large orders, optimize flow of order

Herding behavior and one-way markets Panama business database

Bouts of illiquidity during flash crashes, stress. Panama email database lists.

Market instability and stability

Manipulation of machines, collusion

Augmenting abilities of smart contract (autonomy)

Risk management (e.g. the audit of codes)

Support for DeFi applications, and build of chains that are autonomous Panama Email Lists

‘Garbage in, garbage out’ conundrum

Enhances the risks associated with centralised finance

Source: OECD Staff.

AI models in lending may lower the costs associated with credit-related underwriting as well as facilitate the credit extension process to clients with thin file which could lead to financial inclusion. The application of AI could result in efficiencies in data processing in order to assess of the creditworthiness of potential clients, improve the underwriting process and enhance the loan portfolio management. This can also permit the provision of credit scores to clients who have low credit histories, which can help in financial inclusion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and, potentially, encouraging financial inclusion for people who are not banked. Panama email database lists.

Despite their enormous potential, AI-based algorithms and the use of inaccurate information (e.g. regarding race or gender) in lending could pose the possibility of a disparate impact on results of credit and the potential for bias, discriminatory or unjust lending. As well as inadvertently creating biases or perpetuating them in credit allocation, AI-driven models can make the discrimination in credit allocation more difficult to detect and make the outputs of the model are difficult to understand and communicate to potential customers. This is especially true for credit offered by BigTech which rely on access to huge amounts of customer information, which raises concerns about anti-competitive practices and market dominance in the technological aspect of providing services (e.g. cloud). Panama Email Lists

The application in the use of AI techniques in finance based on blockchain could increase the efficiency potential of DLT-based systems, and enhance potential of smart contract capabilities. AI could increase the reliability of smart contracts, which allows the code that runs them to adjust dynamically in response the market’s conditions. The application in the use of AI for DLT systems also brings or even increases problems that arise in traditional financial products, including the difficulty of understanding AI decision-making systems and the difficulty managing systems and networks that are based on obscure AI models. Panama email database lists.

In the present, AI is mostly being utilized to manage risk for smart contracts, as well as for detection of weaknesses inside the program. It is worth noting however that smart contracts were in existence since before the invention in AI applications and depend on simple software. In the present, the majority of smart contracts utilized in a tangible way are not tied to AI methods and the majority of the benefits that are attributed to the application for AI within DLT systems is still in the realm of speculation at the moment. Panama lists

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Machine Learning, ARTIFICIAL Intelligence and BIG DATA IN Finance (c) The OECD 2021

In the near future, AI could support decentralised applications of financial decentralisation (‘DeFi’), by automatising credit scoring based upon users’ data on the internet such as investment advisory services and trading using financial data and insurance underwriting. In the future artificial intelligence-based smart contracts which can be self-learning1 and adapt dynamically without human intervention may lead to the creation completely autonomous chains. The application of AI could further facilitate disintermediation, by replacing off-chain third-party sources of information by AI inference directly on the chain. 

It is important to note however that AI-based systems cannot necessarily solve issues with the garbage in garbage out dilemma as well as the issue of poor quality or insufficient data inputs blockchain-based systems. This is what gives an opportunity for serious risks for investors and market integrity as well as the reliability of the systems according to what size market size. DeFi market. In addition, AI could amplify the many risks that are present with DeFi market, adding more complexity to already challenging to supervise autonomous DeFi networks without a single access points to regulatory oversight or governance structures that permit accountability and the compliance of the oversight frameworks.  Panama email database lists.

The most important risks and challenges and mitigation options Panama lists

The introduction in the use of AI in finance may increase the risks that exist in the financial sector due to the capacity of AI to adapt and learn to changes in the market in a completely autonomous manner and create new challenges and risk. Risks currently in place are due to the use of data in a non-optimal way and the use of low quality data, which could cause biases and discriminatory outcomes, which ultimately hurt the financial consumer. Risks of concentration and associated problems with competition could arise from the requirements for investment of AI methods, which may result in dependence on only a few major players. Panama email database lists.

Risks to market integrity and compliance may result from the absence of an adequate model governance framework which takes into consideration the unique nature of AI and the absence of clearly defined accountability frameworks. These risks also arise from supervision and oversight mechanisms that might require adjustments to accommodate the new technology. 

New risks that arise due to the application of AI are related to the unintended implications of AI-based systems and models that ensure stability in markets and market integrity. Significant risks arise from the complexity of understanding how AI-based models produce result (explainability). The increased usage for AI in finance can create a risk of increased interconnectivity in the financial markets, and several operational risks linked to these methods could threaten the stability to the system of finance during times of crisis. Panama email database lists.

The use of large data in AI-powered apps could be a major risk to the financial sector that is caused by the challenges and risks relating to the quality of information used, the privacy and security of information cybersecurity as well as fairness concerns. Based on how they are utilized, AI methods have the potential to prevent discrimination based on human interaction or increase biases, unfair treatment and discrimination within financial services. 

The discrimination and biases that are inherent in AI may result due to the use of poor quality, inadequate or flawed data used in ML models or accidentally through inferences and proxy data (for instance, determining gender based on buying activity data). Alongside the concerns of protecting consumers’ financial interests and competition concerns, there could be problems arising from the use of large information and the ML model which are related to the concentration of market players in certain markets or the risk of collusions with tacit. Panama mailing lists

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The most commonly acknowledged issue that is faced by ML models is in understanding how and why the model produces results. This is usually described using the term “explainability,” which is associated with several significant risk factors. The large-scale utilization of models that are opaque can cause unintended consequences when users of models and supervisors are unable to anticipate how the decisions made by ML models may negatively impact the market. Panama email database lists. The deliberate lack of transparency from companies in order to protect their own advantage contributes to the uncertainty of explaining and raises questions about the oversight of AI algorithms and models based on ML, as well as to the capacity of users to alter their strategies when they experience low performance or during situations of pressure.

Incompatibility of explanations is not only not compatible with the existing regulations and laws, but as well as internal governance, control and risk management frameworks that financial services providers use. It hinders the ability to make decisions. email marketing database Panama

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Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and BIG DATA in Finance (c) The OECD 2021

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the ability of investors to comprehend the impact of their models on the market or cause disturbances, and could increase systemic risks associated with procyclicality. In addition, the inability of users to modify their strategies during periods of stress can cause increased market volatility and a recurrence of liquidity when there is a high degree of stress, which can trigger flash-crash type events. The problem of explainability is exacerbated by a widening lack of technical literacy and the inconsistency between the complexity typical to AI model and the requirements of human-scale reasoning, interpretation and reasoning that match human cognition. There are regulatory issues in relation to transparency and auditing for these models in various applications of financial services. Panama mailing lists.

Financial market professionals that use AI-powered models need to keep working to improve the ability of their models to explain in order to understand their behavior during normal market conditions as well as in times of stress and to manage the risks associated with it. There are varying opinions on the degree of explainability that is attained by AI-powered models dependent on the kind of AI employed. A balance has to be found between the accuracy of the model as well as its predictability. The implementation of disclosure requirements regarding using AI-powered systems and models can help ease the burden that arise from explaining as well as provide greater peace of mind and bolster trust for consumers who are using AI-powered services. Panama Email Lists

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Risks that could be posed to AI systems should be continuously monitored and evaluated in order to make sure that AI systems operate in a reliable and durable manner. The resilience of AI systems can be enhanced through careful training and retraining of ML models using datasets that are large enough to be able to detect the non-linear relationship and tail events within the data (including artificial models). 

Monitoring, testing, and validating AI model models over their lifetimes as well as based on their intended goals is essential to spot and correct “model drifts”2 (concept shifts, or drifts in data) that affect the accuracy of the model’s predictions. Model drifts can occur as tail effects, like the COVID-19 crisis cause discontinuities in the data and are very impossible to eliminate, since they aren’t replicated within the information used to create the model. Human judgement is vital at all times during AI implementation, from the input of data to the evaluation of the model’s outputs. 

It helps to avoid the danger of misinterpreting the meaningless correlations that are observed from activity patterns as causal relations. Automated control mechanisms or “kill switches’ may also be utilized as a last resort of defense that allows you to stop AI-based systems in the event they fail to work in accordance with their intended function but this is ineffective as it introduces operational risk and ensures insufficient resilience when the existing business system is required shutdown in the event that it is stressed. Panama mailing lists

Explicated governance frameworks that define distinct lines of accountability for AI-based systems all the way through their lifespan, from creation to deployment, can enhance existing models’ governance structures. Model governance committees within the internal model or model review boards for financial service providers are charged with establishing models’ governance standards and procedures to build models, as well as documentation and validation at any stage of the model. They are expected to be more prevalent as more firms adopt AI by financial institutions and possibly a ‘upgrading’ in their roles, competences as well as some of the processes required to handle the complexity of the AI models (e.g. the frequency of validation of models).

The need for clear accountability mechanisms is increasing important, especially because AI models are being used in highly-valued decision-making scenarios (e.g. the ability to access credit). There are also risks when outsourcing AI techniques to third-party companies with respect to accountability and the dynamics of competition (e.g. concentration risk, risk of dependency). The outsourcing to AI structures or models might cause risks related to the chance of convergence in market positions. This could cause herding behavior and the convergence of trading strategies. There is also the possibility that a large portion of the market could be affected simultaneously which may cause a period of inliquidity during periods of tension. Panama Email Lists

The non-technological approach used by a variety of jurisdictions to regulate financial markets products is likely to become a challenge due to the growing complexity of some of the most innovative applications that make use of AI within finance.

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Possible inconsistencies between current legal and regulatory frameworks could result from the use of modern Panama quality email

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and BIG Data IN FINANCE (c) The OECD 2021

AI techniques (e.g. due to the inability to explain or the re-adapting nature of the deep-learning models). Additionally, there could be a an increased risk of fragmentation in the regulatory landscape related towards AI at the international, national and sectoral levels.

The development of skills to build and manage new risk associated with AI is essential as AI applications become more commonplace in the finance industry. The use of AI in the financial sector could result in substantial job losses throughout the entire industry, leading to challenges in employment. Panama mailing lists.

AI in finance needs to be considered a technology which enhances human abilities rather than replacing them. Combining ‘human’ machines’ in which AI aids human judgment instead of replacing the human judgment (decision-aid rather than decision maker) can allow the benefits of AI to be realized while ensuring accountability and control over the final decision-making process. A proper emphasis should be given to human supremacy in the process of making decisions, particularly when it comes to more valuable applications (e.g. lending decisions). Panama quality email.

Considerations on policy

Regulators and policy makers play an obligation to ensure that the application in the use of AI within finance will be in line with the regulatory goals of maintaining financial stability, protecting the financial consumer, and promoting competitiveness and market integrity. The policy makers must think about the possibility of supporting AI innovations in the financial sector while protecting financial consumers as well as investors, and encouraging an orderly, fair and transparent markets. 

New risks arising from the implementation of AI methods must be identified as well as mitigated in order to encourage and support the adoption of ethical AI. The existing requirements for supervision and regulation might need to be clarified and sometimes modified, depending on the need, to resolve some of the perceived contradictions of current agreements with AI applications. Panama Email Lists.

The implementation of supervisory and regulatory guidelines regarding AI methods could be viewed in an appropriate and contextual framework, based on the significance of the technology and its potential impact on outcomes for consumers and the market’s performance. This is likely to increase the application of AI without restraining the development. But, applying proportionality must not jeopardize the most fundamental prudential or stability safeguards, nor safeguarding investors or financial consumers, which are all crucial obligations of policy makers. Panama quality email.

Policymakers should think about increasing their attention on improved data governance in financial firms, with the aim to increase consumer protections across AI financial applications. Specific specifications and best practices in managing data using AI-based methods might be considered, focusing on the quality of data, the adequateness of the dataset utilized based on the application by an AI model, and security measures that guarantee the reliability of the model in relation to avoiding biases. 

A proper sense-checking of the model’s results against baseline data and other tests that consider the possibility of protected classes being determined from other attributes of this data is two instances of the best methods to reduce the risk of discrimination. The need for greater

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transparency regarding how personal information and opt-out choices regarding the use of personal data may be considered by the authorities. email marketing database Panama

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Policy makers must consider the need to disclose requirements regarding how they use AI methods in the supply of financial services and how they could affect the outcome for customers. Financial customers should be educated about the potential use of AI techniques for the production of a service, and also the possibility of involvement with an AI system rather than an individual human being so that they are able to make informed decisions about other products. Information that is clear about AI’s capabilities and limitations should be provided. AI technology’s strengths and weaknesses must be provided in this information. The introduction of requirements for suitability for financial services based on AI should be considered by regulators to assist firms in determining the degree to which potential customers have a clear understanding of how using AI influences the performance of the service. Panama email id list.

Regulators must consider ways to address the perception that AI is incompatible with lack of clarity in AI with the existing law and regulation. It may be necessary to revise and/or modify the current frameworks used for models of Governance and Risk Management for firms that provide financial services.

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and BIG Data in Finance (c) The OECD 2021

to tackle the issues that arise from the application of AI-based models to address these issues. The supervisory focus may be changed from documenting the process of development and the way in the model’s development in its prediction, to the model’s behavior and outcomes. In addition, supervisors might want to investigate more technical methods to manage risks, including stress testing for adversaries to the model or outcomes-based indicators (Gensler and Bailey 2020[2[2]). Panama quality email.

Policy makers should look into the necessity of clear model governance frameworks and the assignment of accountability in order to increase trust in AI-driven technology. Extensive governance frameworks that establish clearly defined lines of accountability in the design and supervision of AI-driven systems throughout their entire lifecycle, from creation to deployment, can be drafted by financial service providers to enhance existing procedures for operations that are that are related to AI. The internal model governance frameworks can be modified to better reflect risks that arise due to using AI as well as to reflect the desired results for consumers as well as an evaluation of whether and how these outcomes can be achieved using AI technology. A thorough documentation and audit trail of these processes can aid in the supervision of this activities by supervisors. Panama Email Lists

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The increased confidence offered from financial institutions about the reliability and strength of AI models is crucial as policymakers seek to protect against the accumulation of risks to the system, and can help AI financial applications build trust. The effectiveness of models has to be evaluated in the most extreme market conditions to avoid the risk of systemic vulnerabilities and risks that could arise during situations of stress. Automated controlling mechanisms (such such as the kill switch) that issue alarms or turn off models during times of stress can help in limiting risks, however they can expose the firm to risks that could be new to operations. Backup plans, models and processes must be implemented to ensure continuity of operations in the event that models fail or react with unexpected consequences. Additionally, regulators may look at adding buffers or minimum buffers for banks if they were to establish capital weights or risk using AI algorithmic models (Gensler and Bailey 2020[22). purchase Panama email list

Frameworks that allow for proper training, retraining, and thorough tests of AI models can be developed or reinforced to ensure ML model-based decision-making functions exactly as it was intended and is in line with all applicable laws and regulations. The data used to train models must be sufficient to record non-linear relations and tail-related events in this data set, regardless of whether it is it is synthetic in order to improve the reliability of models during times of uncertainty and emergencies. Continuous testing of models based on ML is essential to find and correct models that drift Panama Email Lists.

Regulators must consider promoting regular monitoring and verification of AI models that are essential to their security, and are one of the most efficient methods to increase the resilience of models to prevent and correct models that drift. Standardised practices for monitoring and validation can help in increasing the strength of the model and determine if the model requires modification, redevelopment, or replacement. Validation of models, as well as the required approvals and sign-offs should be separate from the design of the model, and recorded as accurately as is possible for the purpose of supervision. The timeframe for tests and validations would have be determined according to the appropriate criteria, based on the level of complexity of the model as well as the significance of the decisions taken by this model.
A proper focus could be put on the primacy of human beings in decision-making in the case of high-value uses-cases like the decision to lend, which can directly affect consumers. purchase Panama email list.

Authorities should look into the implementation of processes that permit clients to challenge the outcomes that are generated by AI algorithms and demand redress. This would aid in building trust with these AI systems. The GDPR is one illustration of these policies that provide individuals with the right to’request human intervention’ as well as to voice their opinions in the event that they want to challenge the decision taken through an algorithm (EU 2016[3[3]). Panama Email Lists

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The decision makers of the future should be aware of the increasing technological difficulty of AI and whether resources will have be put in place in order to keep up with advancements in technology. Because of the revolutionary impact of AI on specific financial market transactions as well as the new kinds of risks that arise from its use, AI has become a major concern for policymakers over the last few years. The funds should be allocated to research and development of skills as well as for financial sector players as well as for enforcement authorities. Panama consumer email database

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Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and BIG DATA in Finance (c) 2021 OECD Panama email id list.

The function of policy makers is vital in encouraging technological innovation in the field and ensuring that financial customers and investors are adequately protected , and that markets surrounding these products and services are free, efficient and transparent. It is important for policy makers to think about enhancing their current arsenal of protections against the risks arising from, or increased by AI. AI. A clear and transparent discussion of the use of AI and the security measures put that are in place to safeguard it and the users will aid in establishing trust and confidence and encourage the use of these innovative methods. With the ease of trans-border financial services, an inter-disciplinary dialogue between policy makers and business community could be encouraged and maintained at both national as well as international levels. purchase Panama email list

The COVID-19 crisis has intensified and intensified the trend towards digitalisation that was evident prior to the outbreak that was a result of the widespread application of AI. The growing AI adoption in the finance sector, particularly in areas like the management of assets, algorithmsic trading credit underwriting, as well as financial services that are blockchain-based are facilitated due to the wealth of information and increased and cheaper computing power. purchase Panama email list

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AI4 is integrated into products and services across a range of industries (e.g. automobiles, healthcare consumer products, automobiles Internet of Things (IoT)) which is becoming increasingly used by financial service providers across the financial industry: in the corporate and retail banking (tailored products chat boxes for customer service credit scoring and underwriting forecasting of credit losses AML, fraud monitoring and detection and customer service) Asset management (robo-advice managing risk-management strategies for portfolios) Trading (algorithmic trading) as well as insurance (robo-advice and the management of claims). AI is also being used for RegTech as well as SupTech applications within the government sector (e.g. Natural Language Processing (NLP) and procedures for ensuring compliance).

The use of AI and ML made with big data is predicted to increase in significance (see 1.2.1). 1.2.1) The potential dangers arising from its use in the financial sector are growing more alarming and warrant additional scrutiny by policy makers. Panama Email Lists