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Buffer Overflows

Buffer overflows can be described as hacking attempts that exploit a weakness in the application’s code. In essence, the buffer-overflow attack is when a user sends too much information to a variable field in the application, which could cause an application to fail. Most of the time it is because the application does not know what next action to take because it’s overwritten by the data of the overflow.

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So, it executes the command stored in the data overflow or shows the command prompt, allowing users to type in another command. The command prompt, also known as shell is the main tool used by hacker, and it can also be employed to execute different applications.

Buffer overflows will be addressed more in depth in Chapter 9 “Attacking applications: SQL Injection and Buffer Overflows.”
Understanding Rootkits

A rootkit is one type of program that is used to hide utility programs on compromised systems. They also include backdoors to aid an attacker in gaining access to the system in a more efficient manner. For instance, a rootkit could conceal an application that creates an executable shell whenever the attacker connects to a certain connection port in the network. Buy Orthopedic email lists online.

A backdoor can also allow processes initiated by a user who is not privileged to perform functions that are normally reserved for administrators. Rootkits are often utilized to permit the programmers of the rootkit access and gain access to usernames and login information for websites that need them.

There are various types of rootkits, such as the ones listed below:

Kernel Level Rootkits Kernel level rootkits modify code or replace a section of kernel code that helps conceal a backdoor from computers. This is typically done by adding new code the kernel through an loaded module or device driver for example, loaded kernel modules for Linux or driver drivers for devices for Windows. Kernel-level rootkits can be particularly dangerous because they can be hard to identify without the right software. Buy Orthopedic email lists online.

Library-level rootkits usually patch, hook or replace system calls by versions that conceal information which could permit the hacker to be tracked down.

Application-level Rootkits These rootkits could replace normal application binaries by introducing Trojanized fakes or alter the behavior of applications by using hooks, patches or injected code, or by other methods. Buy Orthopedic email lists online.

In the next section we’ll examine the process of infecting a system using rootkit.

Installing Rootkits to Windows 2000 and XP Machines

It is the Windows NT/2000 rootkit is built as a kernel mode driver that can be loaded dynamically during time of execution. The rootkit operates with privileges granted to the system at the heart of the NT kernel, and therefore is able to access all capabilities that the OS. It can also conceal files, hide processes and Registry entries. It can also take keystrokes entered on the console of the system, trigger an interrupt for debugging that causes an unintentional blue screen as well as redirect EXE files.

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The rootkit is comprised of kernel mode device drivers known as _root_.sys as well as a launcher program named DEPLOY.EXE. After accessing the system of the target the attacker copies _root_.sys and DEPLOY.EXE onto the system and runs DEPLOY.EXE. This installs the driver for rootkit devices, and then begins the process. The attacker then deletes DEPLOY.EXE from the machine being targeted. 

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The attacker can shut down and then start the rootkit as needed through the command net stop _root_ and start _root. When the rootkit is launched it will ensure that the file _root_.sys is no longer visible in directory listings. The rootkit blocks system requests for listing of files and hides all files starting with _root_.

Rootkit embedded TCP/IP stack

A new feature that is part of the Windows NT/2000 rootkit is a stateless TCP/IP stack. It determines the status of the connection based upon the information in the packet. The rootkit has a coded IP address (10.0.0.166) to which it can respond. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email address lists online.

The rootkit makes the raw Ethernet connection to connect the network card of the system and is therefore extremely effective. The port of the target doesn’t matter the hacker is able to connect to any port within the system. Furthermore, several users can access the rootkit simultaneously.

Rootkit Countermeasures

All rootkits require access by an administrator to the system they are targeting So the security of passwords is crucial. If you find an infection, you must backup your important data and then reinstall the operating system and programs from a reliable source. The administrator must also have available a well-documented, automated installation process and a reliable restoration media. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email address lists online.

Another alternative is to employ the MD5 checksum tool. The MD5 checksum of a file is a 128-bit number which is similar to the fingerprint of the file. (There is a slight chance of having two checksums that are identical for two distinct files.) The algorithm is constructed so that even a single change within the file’s data results in the checksum to differ. This feature is useful to compare files and ensure their integrity. Another feature that is beneficial is the check-sum’s length that is fixed, no matter the file’s size. file source.

The MD5 checksum ensures that the integrity of a file hasn’t been altered. This can be helpful in testing the integrity of files when a rootkit has been discovered on the system. Tools like Tripwire utilize MD5 checksums to determine if files are that have been affected by rootkit. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email address lists online.

Countermeasure Tools

Tripwire is an integrity-checking software for the file system designed for Unix as well as Linux operating systems. Alongside one or two cryptographic checksums that represent the contents of every directory and file the Tripwire database also includes details that allow you to verify access rights and configurations for file mode, including your username as the owner of the file along with the date and the when that the files was used as well as the date and time the last change was made to the file.

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Hideaway Files

Hackers may wish to hide the files within a system to avoid their detection. The files could be used to launch an attack against the system. There are two methods to conceal files within Windows. The first method is using the command attrib.

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To block a file using the attrib command, type in the following command at the prompt:

attrib +h [directory/fileattrib +h [file/directory

Another way to hide files in Windows is through NTFS alternative data stream. The NTFS file system utilized for Windows NT, 2000, and XP include a feature known as alternate data streams, which allow data to be saved in hidden files and linked to a standard, visible file. Streams don’t have a limit on size and more than one stream can be linked to a regular file.

NTFS File Streaming

NTFS stream of files allows an unidentified file to be created inside the legitimate file. The hidden file doesn’t show up in a directory listing but the genuine file will. Users are unlikely to believe that the file is legitimate however the hidden one could be used to store or transfer information. In Exercise 4.2 you’ll discover ways to disguise files with NTFS streaming of files.
Hiding Files Using NTFS File Streaming. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email id lists online.

Note this exercise can only work on systems running the NTFS file system.

To test and create the performance of an NTFS streaming file:

In the command line input notepad test.txt.

Input some data into the file Save the file then close Notepad. Step 1 will start Notepad. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email id lists online.

On your command prompt, type dir test.txt and then note the file’s size.

On your command prompt, type Notepad test.txt:hidden.txt. Enter a text in Notepad Save the file, and then close it.

Recheck the file’s size (it must be the same size as step 3.).

Open test.txt. The test.txt file only shows what’s in the file. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email id lists online.

Type test.txt:hidden.txt on in the Command Line. An error in syntax will be displayed.

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Hacking Tool

makestrm.exe is a tool which transfers the data from the file to an alternative data stream that is linked to the primary file.

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NTFS Stream Countermeasures

To delete a stream files Copy the stream file onto a FAT partition before copying it into the NTFS partition.

Streams disappear after the file is transferred to a FAT partition due to the fact that they’re an attribute of NTFS and thus only exist in the NTFS partition.
Countermeasure Tool

You can use lns.exe to detect NTFS streams. LNS will report the location and existence of files with other streams of data. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email id  directory online.

Understanding Steganography Technologies

Steganography is a method of hiding data within other kinds of data, such as text or images files. The most common method for hiding information in files is by using graphics as concealing spaces. Hackers can put any data in an image file through the technique of steganography. Hackers can conceal directions to make a bomb the secret bank account number or even answers to a question. Every word you can think of could be hidden inside an image. In exercise 4.3 you will be using Image Hide to conceal text in an image.

Hacking Tools

ImageHide is a Steganography software that conceals huge quantities of text within images. After adding bytes of data, there isn’t an growth in the size of the image. The image appears identical in a standard graphic program. It is loaded and saved to files, which means it can be able to evade most email sniffers. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email id  directory online.

Blindside is an steganography program which hides information within BMP (bitmap) image files. It’s a command-line tool.

MP3Stego conceals information from MP3 files when they are compressed. The data is encrypted, compressed and then hidden inside the bitstreams of MP3.

Snow is a whitespace steganography software which hides messages from ASCII text by adding whitespace at the end of lines. Since spaces and tabs typically aren’t visible to text viewers this means that the message is invisible to casual readers. If the built-in encryption feature is employed, the message won’t be read, even if discovered. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email id  directory online.

CameraShy is compatible alongside Windows as well as Internet Explorer and lets users share sensitive or censored information that is stored in a normal GIF image.

Stealth is a filtering program to filter PGP files. It strips the identifying data from the header. This is after which the file is used to perform steganography.

Hiding Data from an Image by using ImageHide

To obscure data within an image, use ImageHide:

Install and download it. Install the ImageHide program. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email id  directory online.

Include an image in Image Hide. Image Hide application.

Enter text into the field at the lower right on the ImageHide screen.

The text will be hidden within the image by using ImageHide.

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Steganography can be identified by certain programs, but the process is not easy. The first step of detection is to find files that have hidden text. This is done by looking at patterns in the images , and adjustments in the colors palette.

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Countermeasure Tools

Stegdetect can be described as an algorithmic tool that detects Steganographic content within images. It can detect different ways to embed steganographic information within JPEG images.

Dskprobe is a program that comes with the Windows 2000 installation CD. It’s a low-level scan of the hard-disk that detects steganography. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email id  outlook online.

Disguising Your Tracks and Erasing Evidence

Once hackers have gained administrator access to an system, they will attempt to hide their tracks in order in order to hide their presence (either present or in the previous) in the systems.

A hacker might also attempt to erase the evidence of their identity and actions on the system to avoid tracing their identity or their location by the authorities. To avoid being detected, the hacker typically removes all error messages or security events that were recorded. Enabling auditing and clearing the log of events are two strategies employed by hackers to hide their tracks and prevent being detected. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email id  outlook online.

The first thing that intruders do when they gain administrator privileges is deactivate auditing. Windows auditing logs specific instances in the log that is kept within Windows Event Viewer. Windows Event Viewer. The events can involve log-in to systems, an application or even an event log. Administrators are able to choose the degree of logging to be applied to an application or system. Hackers need to know the amount of logging they have that is in place to determine whether they have to delete instances that reveal that they are present on the computer.

Hacking Tool

Auditpol is a program that is included inside the Windows NT Resource Kit for administrators of systems. This tool allows you to disable or activate auditing via through the Windows commands line. It is also able to evaluate the amount of logging that is implemented by the administrator of the system. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email id  outlook online.

Hackers can easily wipe out the security logs from Windows Event Viewer. A log of events that contain only a handful of events is suspect because it is usually a sign that other events were removed. It is still essential to clear the log of events after deactivating auditing since the Auditpol tool, you can create an entry in the log of events indicating that auditing is removed. There are several tools available to clean the log of events, or hackers can clear it by hand in Windows Event Viewer. Windows Event Viewer.

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Hacking Tools

The elsave.exe utility is a straightforward tool to clear the log of events. It is a command line-based.

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WinZapper is a program that an attacker could make use of to erase events specifically from the security logs in Windows 2000. WinZapper will also make sure that security events are not recorded when the application is running.

Evidence Eliminator is an evidence-cleansing software for Windows PCs. It stops unwanted data from being stored permanently in the system. It clears out the Recycle Bin, Internet cache and system documents, temporary folders and more. Evidence Eliminator is also employed by hackers to erase evidence from systems following an attack. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email leads online.

Summary

The hacking process of a targeted system can be broken into a few simple steps. Cracking or guessing passwords, escalating privileges concealing files, and covering tracks are all part of hacking. These are the steps that generally reveal the most valuable data for hackers. However, the information-gathering and scanning steps should not be forgotten as they are critical in getting the most information about a target and its weaknesses. A thorough information gathering process can significantly increase the efficiency and effectiveness of hacking actions.

Exam Essentials

Learn about the importance of security for passwords. Implementing strong passwords, password change inter-vals, alphanumeric passwords, as well as other measures to protect your password is essential to the security of networks. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email leads online.

Learn about the different kinds of password-based attacks. Passive online attacks can include sniffing, man-in the-middle and replay. Active online attacks consist of the use of automated and passive pass-word guessing. Offline attacks can be classified as hybrid, dictionary or brute force. Non-electronic attacks comprise shoulder surfing, sniffing keyboards and social engineering.

Learn about the different types of password attacks that are offline. Dictionary, hybrid, and brute force attacks are all password attacks that can be done offline.

Learn how to protect against guessing passwords. Biometrics and smart cards are two options to enhance security and guard against guessing passwords. Buy Orthopedic surgeon email leads online.

Know the difference between kinds of non-electronic attacks. Social engineering, shoulder surfing or dumpster diving all forms of non-electronic attacks.

Find out the methods by which evidence of hacking is wiped out by hackers. The clearing of event logs and the disabling of auditing are techniques that hackers use to conceal their trails.

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Know that hiding files are a method used to steal sensitive information. Steganography,

streaming, and the attrib command , are just a few methods hackers use to hide and take files.

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Trojans, Backdoors, Viruses and Worms

Backdoors and Trojans are two methods hackers can use to gain access to a targeted system. They are available in a variety of types and share one thing that they have to be installed by

Another program, or the user is fooled into installing another program, or the user must be tricked into installing Trojan or backdoor onto their system. Backdoors and Trojans can be dangerous tools in the toolkit of ethical hackers and must be utilized with caution to assess the safety of your network or system. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing lists online.

The worms and viruses can be as destructive to networks and systems just as backdoors, Trojans and Trojans. Indeed they carry Trojan executables that may infect systems, creating a backdoor to hackers to gain access. This chapter will examine how they differ of Trojans and backdoors, viruses and worms. All of these forms of malware or malicious code are essential to ethical hackers since they are often employed by hackers to hack and attack systems and.

Trojans and Backdoors

Backdoors and Trojans are two kinds of malware that are used to cause harm to computers. Trojans and backdoors are malware that can infect or compromise computer systems. Trojan is a harmful program disguised as a benign program. In most cases, the Trojan may appear to serve an important function for the user, but it actually permits hackers to access the computer system of the user.  Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing lists online.

Trojans are usually downloaded with other programs or software package. Once they are installed on a system they could cause data theft and loss as well as system crash or slowdowns. Trojans may also serve as launchpads for other types of attacks, like distributed denial of services (DDoS). There are a variety of Trojans can be used to alter files on the victim’s computer control processes, remotely execute commands, intercept keystrokes, monitor images on the screen, and then start or stop the operation of affected hosts. Highly sophisticated Trojans can connect to their creator or even announce the Trojan infection via the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing lists online.
Trojans run on the backs of other programs and are generally installed on systems without the knowledge of the user. A Trojan may be sent to the victim system in a variety of ways like the following:

A Instant Messenger (IM) attachment

IRC

An attachment to an email

NetBIOS file sharing

Downloaded Internet program
A variety of fake programs that claim to legitimately legitimate applications, such as freeware, spyware-removal software screen savers, system optimizers images, music games, and video could install the Trojan on a system simply by downloading. Advertising on Internet websites for free software music files, videos can lure users to install the Trojan software; the application will then gain access to the system level on the targeted system, where it could cause damage and be extremely destructive.

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A backdoor is a software or set of related programs that hackers install on a target system in order to let an access point to the target system later. A backdoor could be embedded into a dangerous Trojan.

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The purpose for installing backdoors onto an system is to grant hackers access to the system at the date and time they choose. It is crucial that hackers know how to gain access to the backdoor unnoticed and can use it to hack into the system further and search for vital data.

In addition, adding a new service the most popular method used to cover up backdoors on Windows. Windows operating system. Before installing an attack, hackers needs to look into the system in order to identify the programs that are running. Again the use of good information-gathering techniques is critical to knowing what services or programs are already running on the target system. Most often, hackers install backdoors and then adds a brand new service, and then gives its name in a subtle manner or, more importantly picks a service which is never used and is activated by hand or totally disabled. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing address lists online.

This method works since when a hacking attack is detected, the administrator of the system generally focuses on identifying something unusual within the system, leaving the current services unchecked. The backdoor approach is straightforward yet effective. The hacker can gain access back to the system with the lowest amount of transparency in server logs. The backdoored software allows hackers to access greater privileges, in most cases, as it is a System account.

Remote Access Trojans (RATs) are a type of backdoors designed to allow remote control of the compromised computer. They offer a variety of functions to the user , and simultaneously opening ports for network connections on the computer victimized. When the RAT has been started it functions as an executable file communicating with certain Registry keys that are responsible for starting processes and even developing its own system service. Contrary to common backdoors, RATs connect into the operating system that is being targeted and are always packaged with two files which are the client along with the server. Server is installed on the affected machine, while it is the user that allows the attacker to manage that compromised machine. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing address lists online.

RATs let hackers be able to take over a targeted system at any point. In reality, one of the signs that a system is targeted is the abnormal behavior that occurs on the system, for example the mouse moving in its own or pop-up windows that appear on systems that are not being used.

A Word of Caution regarding practicing with Trojans

We deliberately left all step-by step exercises in this section about Trojans and backdoors as I don’t want to recommend anyone installing these on production systems and noticing data loss. But, the most effective method of learning how to utilize this software and its capabilities is to download them, then try the capabilities. Here is my suggestion to master the art of ethical hacking with malware and backdoors. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing address lists online.

Use an older laptop or computer you don’t have any plans to use in the future, or get an additional computer with a hard disk (this is the method I used). Installation of Windows XP. Install the Windows XP operating system with no updates or service packs activated. Don’t install any virus scanning software or firewall. Next, you must take a frenzied approach to installing all of the Trojans as well as rootkits and back-doors tools mentioned in this section. This will allow you the opportunity to study and explore your tools and avoid being hindered by a virus scanner or personal firewall that is trying to safeguard your computer. After you’ve finished you are able to reinstall Windows or simply swap off the hard drive to the production disk.

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One final suggestion for those who want to purchase a smaller affordable computer to serve as a test computer is to buy a cheap netbook running Windows XP and use it to test and install tools.

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Covert and Overt Channels

A covert channel refers to a normal and legal way in which programs communicate inside a computer network or system. A covert channel is when a program uses communication paths or programs in ways that are not designed to be.
Trojans are able to use covert channels in order to exchange information. Certain Trojans for clients employ covert channels to transmit messages to the server of the affected system. This can make Trojan communications difficult to understand and comprehend. Unaware intrusion detection systems (IDS) looking into the communications between the Trojan server and client would not detect something that is unusual. With the help of the hidden channel the Trojan could communicate with the server or “phone home” without being detected and hackers can transmit commands to the client component without being detected. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing id lists online.

Utilizing the Covert Channel

Jeremiah Denton, a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, used a secret channel to communicate with his captors being aware. Denton received an interview from an Japanese TV reporter, and then an audio recording of the interview was sent through the United States. When American intelligence officers watched footage, one observed that Denton had been blinking his eyes in a peculiar manner. They found Denton was blinking letters in Morse code. The letters were T-O-R–T-U-R–E, and Denton was flashing them over and over. This is a real-world illustration of how a hidden channel could be used to transmit an unnoticed message to another. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing id lists online.

Another way to use computers to transmit information through an obscure channel is to use of a particular feature of the file to provide information, not an individual file. A computer-based illustration of a covert channel is the creation of an innocent computer file of 16 bytes wide. The file could contain any information as long as it is not what matters. The file could then be sent to someone else. This may seem innocent enough, but the actual email is actually a number 16. The size of the file is the primary data point and not the contents in the files.

Some of the covert channels use tunneling, a method that allows one protocol to be carried over a different protocol. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) tunneling is a technique of making use of ICMP echo-request and echo-reply in order to carry any payload attackers might wish to utilize, in order to gain access to or manage the compromised system. The Ping command is a widely recognized tool for troubleshooting and it utilizes an ICMP protocol. This is why a lot of firewalls, routers, switches as well as other filtering devices allow for the ICMP protocol to pass by the gadget. This is why ICMP is a good choice for tunneling protocols. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing id lists online.

Hacking Tool

Loki is a hacking tool that gives access to the shell via ICMP and is harder to identify as compared to TCP and UDP-based backdoors. When networks are concerned, it appears that a set of ICMP packets are being transmitted through the network. However, the hacker actually sending commands via the Loki client, and then running these commands via the server.

Different types of Trojans

Trojans are created and utilized to carry out various attacks. Here are a few of the most commonly used kinds of Trojans:

Remote Access Trojans (RATs) They are used for remote access to systems. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing id lists online.

Trojans for Data-Sending that search for information on a computer and then send the data to hackers.

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Destructive Trojans are used to erase or corrupt files from an system.

Trojans for denial of-service that are used to launch an attack that is known as a denial of-service.

Proxy Trojans used to tunnel traffic or to launch hacking attacks through other systems.

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FTP Trojans are used to set up an FTP server to transfer files onto a.

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How Trojans that Reverse-Connect work

Reverse-connecting Trojans allow an attacker to access a computer in the internal network via the outside. The attacker could install a basic Trojan program on a computer within the internal network for instance, an reverse WWW-based shell server. On regular intervals (usually every 60 seconds) the internal server attempts to connect to the external master system in order to retrieve commands. If the attacker input something in the master’s system the command is then retrieved and processed on an internal server. The reverse WWW shell server is based on the standard HTTP. It’s a risk because it’s difficult to recognize: it appears like a user is surfing the Web via inside the network.

Hacking Tools

It is an Trojan which renames the notepad.exe document to note.com and copies it in the form of notepad.exe into Notepad.exe to Windows folder. This causes the Trojan to start each time a user starts Notepad. It is a backdoor hackers or remote users is able to use to connect as well as control the PC via the port 7597. The TROJ_QAZ virus also affects the Registry in order to be loaded each time Windows is opened. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing id directory online.

Tini is a tiny and straightforward backdoor Trojan designed for Windows operating system. It is able to listen on port 7777 and offers hackers the remote command prompt for the system being targeted. To connect to an Tini server the hacker must telnet to port 7777.

Donald Dick is a backdoor Trojan for Windows OSs, which gives hackers complete access to the system via the Internet. The hacker is able to read and write, delete or execute any program running in the computer. Donald Dick also includes a keylogger and Registry parser. It can execute functions like closing or opening the DVD-ROM tray. The attacker utilizes the client to communicate commands to the target listening at a specific port. Donald Dick uses default port 23476 or 23477. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing id directory online.

NetBus is an Windows GUI Trojan program and functions in a similar way to Donald Dick. It adds the Registry key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\NetBus Server and modifies the HKEY_CURRENT_USER\ NetBus Server\General\TCPPort key. If NetBus is configured to start automatically, it adds a Registry entry called NetBus Server Pro in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\ Windows\CurrentVersion\RunServices.

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SubSeven is an Trojan which can be set to alert a hacker whenever the affected computer communicates with the Internet and also provide the hacker details concerning the machine. The notification could be made through the IRC network, via ICQ or email. SubSeven may cause a system to slow down and create error messages on the system that is infected.

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Back Orifice 2000 is a remote administrator tool that an attacker could use to manage an entire system through an IP/TCP connection via an interactive interface. Back Orifice doesn’t appear in the task list or the list of processes. Instead, it is copied in the Registry to be run each when the computer starts. The filename it runs can be altered prior to its installation. Back Orifice modifies the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunServices Registry key. 

BackOrifice plug-ins provide additional new features added to BackOrifice program. Plug-ins provide cryptographically strong Triple DES encryption, a remote desktop, with keyboard and mouse controls drag-and-drop encrypted files transfers Explorer-like browsing of the file system and graphical remote editing of the Registry and secure UDP and ICMP communications protocols, as well as the ability to stealth through the use of ICMP in place of TCP as well as UDP. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing id outlook online.

BoSniffer is believed to be a solution that is a fix for Back Orifice but is actually an Back Orifice server with the SpeakEasy plug-in installed. If BoSniffer.exe is which is the BoSniffer executable, is launched on a target computer, it attempts to connect to a specified IRC server, on channel #BO_OWNED, using an unspecified username. It will then announce its IP address, as well as a customized mes-sage each couple of minutes to ensure hackers can utilize this system to create zombies for future attacks.

ComputerSpy key Logger is a software hackers can utilize to track computer activity on computers, including sites visited, logins and the passwords used by ICQ, MSN, AOL, AIM, and Yahoo! Messenger or webmail; the current programs that are being run or being executed; Internet chats; and email. The program is able to capture snapshots of the entire Windows desktop on a schedule. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing id outlook online.
Beast is Beast is a Trojan that executes within the memory allocated to Windows’ WinLogon.exe service. After installation, the program is inserted in Windows Explorer or Internet Explorer. One of the most distinctive characteristics is it’s an all-in-one Trojan which means that the client, server, and server editor are all contained within the same program.

CyberSpy is a Telnet trojan it copies itself in the Windows directory system and it registers itself in the System Registry to ensure that it is launched every time the infected system is restarted. After that it then sends out a warning via ICQ or email and then starts listening to a previously identified TCP/IP port. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing id outlook online.

Subroot is a remote administration Trojan hackers are able to use to connect to a victim’s computer through TCP port 1701.

LetMeRule! is an attack on remote access which can be set to listen for any port on the target system. It also comes with an command prompt which the attacker can use to take control of the system of the target. It can erase the entire directory of files, modify the directory, execute files on an external host or look up and alter the Registry. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing id outlook online.

Firekiller 2000 disables antivirus programs and software firewalls. For example If Norton AntiVirus is in auto scan mode on the Taskbar when AtGuard Firewall is activated, and AtGuard Firewall is activated, the program stops both at execution and renders the installations of both programs inaccessible to the drive. Then, they must be reinstalled to reinstate their capabilities. Firekiller 2000 works with all major security software such as AtGuard, Norton AntiVirus, and McAfee Antivirus.

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The Hard Drive Killer Pro programs provide the capability to completely and permanently erase all data on a given DOS as well as Windows system.

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Once the program is executed, it removes files, causes the system to reboot and infect within a couple of minutes. After rebooting all the hard drives connected on the system will be formatted in an inaccessible way in just one or two seconds, irrespective how large the drive.

What is does the Netcat Trojan Works

Netcat is an Trojan which uses a command-line interface to allow access to TCP and UDP ports on an tar-get-based system. A hacker is able to connect to the ports that are open and gain access to the shell of the system in question. Exercise 5.1 will show you how to make use of Netcat. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing leads online.

To pass taking the CEH exam, it is essential to be familiar with Netcat. Download this Netcat software and then practice the commands prior to taking the test.
Utilizing Netcat

Download the latest version of Netcat to your system. There are several versions of Netcat that work with every Windows operating system. Additionally, Netcat was originally developed to run on the Unix system, and is now widely available in a variety of Linux distributions, such as BackTrack.

Netcat requires both a client and a server. The server aspect of the connection is activated by the -l attribute, and can be used to create the listener port. For example, you can use the fol-lowing option to turn on to enable the Netcat listener for the server. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing leads online.

nc -L -p 123 -t -e cmd.exe

In your Netcat client, you can run this command in order to join Netcat listener on the server: Netcat listener that is on the server

NC

The client must be able to open an open command prompt on the server.

Unusual system behavior is often an indicator of an Trojan attack. Things like programs starting and running without user or initiation; the CD-ROM drawers opening or closing; wallpaper background and screen savers settings altering by themselves or the display turning upside down; or browser programs that open new or unusual websites are all indicators of an Trojan attack. Any behavior that is unnatural or is uninitiated by the user could be a sign of the possibility of a Trojan attack. Buy Orthopedic surgeon mailing leads online.

Signs of the presence of a Virus or Trojan Infection

Carrie was working on her computer at work when she observed that her computer appeared to be running at a slow pace. When she attempted to open documents in Microsoft Word, her system would display an error message, and she was unable to access certain functions of the software. The problem was that she had not received emails within the last 24 hours, but she typically received about 50 messages each day, so this was a little odd. Finally, a customer of hers said that he received multiple emails from her in the last week, which seemed strange.

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Then, Carrie called John, the administrator of the company’s network and asked John to examine her computer to find out what caused the computer to slow down as well as other issues with Microsoft Outlook. John examined Carrie’s computer and found that virus definitions appeared to be six months older.

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The antivirus program would keep appearing with windows telling that the definitions of viruses were outdated however, Carrie simply ignored them and remained in the windows that appeared. John changed the definitions of antivirus and performed a complete system scan. 

The antivirus program discovered that the system was infected by 114 viruses and Trojans. The program was able clean the infection and return the computer back to its non-infected state. John was trying out Microsoft Outlook to ensure that it was actually working when he spotted a number of emails from online horoscope websites such as websites for entertainment and enter-tainment, as well as gaming websites that are online. John took several suspicious applications off her PC. Evidently, Carrie did not realize that such downloads could harm her computer. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email lists online.

Network software that pushes viruses updates across all computers, control of the network to block installing software that is not authorized, and security awareness training for users could have prevented this issue from taking place.

Wrappers are software programs which can be employed to release an Trojan. The wrapper connects legitimate files with it’s Trojan file. The legitimate software and the Trojan are put together into one executable file and is installed when the program is launched.

Typically, games and other installations that are animated are typically employed as wrappers since they provide entertainment to the user even as the Trojan is being installed. In this way users aren’t aware of the slow processing occurring when the Trojan is installed on the system. The user is aware of the legitimate application running. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email lists online.

Hacking Tools

Graffiti is a game with animation that is able to be wrapped around an Trojan. It is entertaining for the player by playing an animated game as the Trojan is running on the background.

Silk Rope 2000 is a wrapper that connects the BackOrifice server as well as any other application that is specified.

ELiTeWrap can be described as an innovative EXE wrapper designed for Windows that is used to install and running professional-grade programs. ELiTeWrap can make an application to set up the program, extract files into a directory, and run programs, or batch files which display help menus or copies files onto the system of the target. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email lists online.

Icon Converter Plus is a software that converts icons between different for-mats. An attacker could use this kind of program to disguise malware or Trojans to trick users into running it, believing it’s a legitimate program.

Trojan Construction Kit and Trojan Makers

Many Trojan generator tools let hackers to develop the Trojan of their choice. The tools help hackers create Trojans that can be made custom. These tools are potentially dangerous and may backfire if used in a proper manner. New Trojans developed by hackers typically have the advantage of not being detected by virus-scanning and Trojan-scanning tools since they don’t have any matching signatures. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email lists online.

A few examples of Trojan kits in the wild include Senna Spy Generator, the Trojan Horse Construction Kit v2.0, Progenic Mail Trojan Construction Kit as well as Pandora’s Box.

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Trojan Countermeasures

The majority of commercial antivirus programs include anti-Trojan functions along with spyware detection and removal capability. These programs automatically run a scan of hard drives during start-up to identify backdoors and Trojan software before they cause harm. When a system is compromised, it’s much more difficult to remove, however you can clean it by using commercially available tools. 

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While several commercially available anti-virus or Trojan removers are out there, my personal suggestion would be Norton Internet Security (Figure 5.1). Norton Internet Security includes a personal firewall and intrusion detection system. It also includes anti-spyware, antivirus, anti-phishing and email scanning. Norton Internet Security will clean all Trojans off a computer and also. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email address lists online.

The security software functions through the use of known signatures for malware, including Trojans or viruses. The fix for malware is done by the use of terms used to describe the threat. When installing or using personal security software , antivirus software or anti-Trojan programs be sure that the program is running the most current definitions. To ensure that the most current patches and fixes are accessible You should connect your device to Internet so that the software can constantly update the malware definitions as well as fixes.

It’s essential that you use commercial programs to cleanse a system instead of freeware programs, as many freeware removal software are able to further infect your system. Additionally, a large portion of security programs that are commercially sold have an intrusion detection tool that monitors port activity and will identify ports which have been opened as well as changes to files. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email address lists online.

The most important thing to do to prevent Trojans or backdoors getting installed on systems is to train users not to install software downloaded via websites on Internet or open attachments to emails from unknown parties. Most system administrators don’t grant users the necessary permissions to install applications on their systems for this precisely the reason. The proper use of Internet technologies should be included in the regular safety awareness classes.

Toolboxes for monitoring and detecting Trojans and Ports

Fport lists all open TCP/IP as well as UDP ports and associates them with the associated application. Fport can be used to quickly discover unidentified open ports as well as their related applications. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email address lists online.

TCPView is an Windows program that provides an extensive list of all TCP and UDP endpoints that are present on the system, as well as the physical and virtual addresses as well as the status of TCP connections. When it runs, it examines every current TCP as well as UDP endpoints, and resolves every IP addresses to version of the domain name.

PrcView is an application for viewing processes that gives detailed information about the process that are running in Windows. PrcView includes a command-line version that allows you to write scripts to determine whether a running process is active and, if it is remove it. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email address lists online.

Inzider is an excellent tool that lists all processes on the Windows system as well as the ports to which each is listening. Inzider might pick up Trojans. For example, BackOrifice injects itself into other processes, which means it doesn’t appear within the Task Manager as a separate process, however it has an open port it is listening to.

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Tripwire ensures integrity of the system. It calculates the cryptographic hash of all system files, or any other file that needs being monitored to detect changes.

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The Tripwire software creates an image of the baseline of your system. It scans the files periodically and recalculates the data and then determines if the data has changed. If it is found that there has been any change, the program issues an alarm.

Dsniff is a set of tools that are used for auditing networks and penetration testing. Dsniff filesnarf, mailsnarf (also known as filesnarf), filesnarf webspy, urlsnarf, and WebSpy actively monitor networks for relevant information like passwords, emails, passwords and file transfer. Arpspoof, dnsspoof, as well as macof allow the intercepting of network traffic that is normally inaccessible to attackers due to Layer 2 switch. Sshmitm and webmitm are active man-in-the middle attacks on redirection Secure Shell (SSH) and HTTP Over SSL (HTTPS) sessions by exploiting weak bindings within the ad-hoc Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). This tool will be described more in depth in Chapter 6 “Gathering information from networks Sniffers.” Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email id lists online.

Examining a System by using System Verification of Files

Windows 2003 includes a feature known as Windows File Protection (WFP) that blocks the removal of the protected file. WFP examines the integrity of the file every time attempts are attempted to replace the SYS, DLL OCX TTF, EXE file. It ensures only Microsoft-certified documents are replaced with the system files.

A different tool called sigverif will check to determine what files Microsoft has signed digitally on the system. In the exercise 5.2 we will make use of this tool.

Signature Verification

We will test sigverif, an application that checks for signatures, and then compare the results with the currently running processes in Task Manager.

Press Ctrl+Alt+Del , and then select Start Task Manager. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email id lists online.

Click on the Processes tab. Look for any unusual processes and what amount of CPU they’re making use of. Processes that consume a significant amount of CPU could indicate a virus or Trojan infection.
Systems File Checker is a command line tool to verify whether the Trojan program has altered files. If System File Checker detects that a file has been overwritten, it retrieves a known good file from the Windows\system32\dllcache folder and overwrites the unverified file. The command for running System File Checker is System File Checker is sfc/scannow. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email id lists online.

Worms and Viruses

Viruses and worms are utilized to infect a system and modify the system in order for hackers for access. Many worms and viruses contain Trojans as well as backdoors. In this manner, the virus or worm acts as a carrier , and permits malicious code like Trojans or backdoors transfer from system to systems in the same way that contact between individuals allows bacteria to multiply.

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A worm and a virus are similar in the sense that they’re both malware (mal-ware). A virus infects an executable, and then uses the carrier program to spread. The virus’s code is infected into the benign program and spreads once the program is executed.

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Examples of virus-carrier programs include games, macros emails, Visual Basic scripts, and animations.

A worm is like viruses in many ways, however it is not dependent on an additional carrier program. It can self-replicate itself and transfer itself from an infected host onto a host. The worm can spread through the system in a seamless manner However, viruses require an additional program to be spread.

Both worms and viruses execute with out the awareness or consent of the user. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email id outlook online.

Different types of viruses

The classification of viruses is based on two aspects: the type of virus they cause and how they affect. A virus could be a threat to the following parts of the system:

Sectors of the System

Files

Macros (such as Microsoft Word macros)

Companion file (supporting system files, such as INI and DLL files) INI files)

Disk clusters

Batch file (BAT files) Source code for NN

A virus can be infected by interaction with an external system. The virus must be carried through another executable software. In the case of attaching itself to a harmless executable, a virus could be spread quickly when the system or users run the executable. The virus is classified in accordance with their methods of infection according to the following:

Polymorphic viruses that encrypt codes in distinct method with each infection and are able to change types to avoid detection. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email id outlook online.

Stealth Viruses – These viruses conceal the usual characteristics of viruses by altering the date and time stamp of the file , so that the virus is prevented from being detected as a fresh file in the system.

Infectors that are slow and fast virus can be detected by infecting a system very rapidly or extremely slow. Sometimes, this can allow the virus to spread its virus without being detected by antivirus software.

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Small Infectors The viruses affect only a small number of devices or programs.

Armored Viruses These viruses are encoded to ward off detection.

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Multipartite viruses These sophisticated viruses can cause multiple infections.

Cavity (Space-Filler) Viral infections These viruses are attached to empty spaces of files. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email directory online.

Tunneling Viruses are transmitted using another protocol or are encrypted to avoid detection or permit it to pass through firewalls.

Camouflage Viruses This virus appears to be a different program.

Active Directory and NTFS Viruses Active Directory Viruses These viruses specifically target Active Directory and NTFS. NT file system as well as Active Directory on Windows systems.
An attacker may create a custom-made script or virus that can’t get detected by the antivirus programs. Since virus removal is dependent on the security signature, an attacker simply needs to modify the signature or appearance of the virus to ward off detection. 

The signature of the virus or definition is how the antivirus program is able to identify if a computer is infected with the virus. In the meantime, until the virus is identified and antivirus firms are able to update the virus definitions the virus remains undetected. It could take a while before the user is able to update their antivirus software, which could cause the system to be susceptible to infection. This allows attackers to bypass antivirus detection and remove for a certain amount of time. The most important defense against virus infections is to keep current virus definitions for the antivirus software. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email directory online.

One of the longest-running virus has been the Melissa virus, which was spread via Microsoft Word Macros. Melissa affected a lot of users by attaching the Word document, and when the document was copied or sent to email and the virus spread with the document.

Virus Hoaxes are messages that are that are sent to users, usually with a warning of an attack by a virus. They Virus Hoax emails typically contain outrageous claims regarding the harm that could result from a virus and offer to download an update from well-known firms like Microsoft as well as Norton. Others suggest users delete the critical files on their system to eliminate the virus. Of course, if one follow these suggestions, they are likely to result in negative consequences
Virus Detection Methods

The following methods are employed to identify viruses:

Scanning

Integrity check using checksums

Interception is based on a signature of a virus

The process of detecting viruses and removal follows the following steps:

Find out if the attack is it is a virus. It isn’t always possible for all abnormal behavior to be explained by viruses. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email directory online.

Track processes with utilities like handle.exe, listdlls.exe, fport.exe, netstat.exe, and pslist.exe and map commonalities among the affected systems.

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Find the virus’s payload by checking for altered, substituted or deleted files. The new file, the altered attributes of files or shared library files need to be inspected.

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Infect the system and identify it. Next, you must change your antivirus definitions, and rescan your system.

Making a Test Virus

A test virus is created by typing this code into Notepad after saving the document to EICAR.COM. Your antivirus program should notify you when you try to open the file, run it, or copy the file.

Worms are able to be stopped from infecting computers in the same way that viruses are. Worms are harder to eliminate because they spread by themselves, which means they don’t require user intervention in order to install and then propagate the malware. Worms can be detected through the aid of antimalware programs that contain definitions of the worms. Worms, more importantly must be prevented from spreading. To do this, administrators might require removing systems from line. The best way to remove the worms from networks is to remove the system from the network, and then run the security program to remove the virus. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email leads online.
Trojans, backdoors and worms are all kinds of malware used to attack systems, causing damage to data or infect the system in order that hackers is able to gain access to the system. The kinds of viruses, methods they are infected, and the ways they’re used are all requirements for the CEH test.

The best method to avoid malware from infecting your system is to ensure that Internet antivirus software has been in place and updated with the latest signatures of Trojans and viruses and definitions. In addition it is possible to avoid malware through security awareness training for users to keep them from opening or running any file they are not comfortable with or are unable to check for.

Collecting Data from Networks Sniffers

sniffer is a tool for capturing packets or frame-capturing tool. It captures and displays the information as it’s transferred across hosts over the network. Typically, a sniffer is interis

sniffs network traffic is displayed in an command-line or GUI format for hackers to read. Most sniffers show both Layer 2 (frame) and Layer 3 (packet) headers as well as the payload of data. Some sophisticated sniffers read the packets and transform the packet stream back into the original data like an email, or document. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon email leads online.

Sniffers can be used to monitor data sent between two systems, however they can also give an array of other data. The way the sniffer is utilized and the security measures that are in place, hackers can make use of sniffers to find usernames, passwords and other sensitive information that is transmitted over the network. Many hacking attacks and hacking tools require sniffers to discover vital information that is sent by the targeted system. This chapter will discuss the functions of sniffers and will determine the most popular sniffer-based hacking devices.

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The term”packet” refers to the data in Layer 3 also known as the Network layer, in the OSI model. Frame is a reference to the data at Layer 2 or that is the Data Link layer. Frames include MAC addresses, while packets include IP addresses.

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Understanding Host-to-Host Communication

Host-to-Host communications are built on the TCP/IP Data Communication Model. It is a four layer model. The model maps to the earlier OSI model that has 7 layers of data communications. Most applications utilize the TCP/IP suite for host to host data communications. Check out Figure 6-1.

Normal network operation, app layer information is compressed and a header that contains details about addresses is added at the start of data. A IP header that contains the source and the destination IP address is included in the information, as in addition to an MAC header that contains the source and destination MAC addresses. IP addresses serve to redirect traffic to the correct IP network. Additionally, MAC addresses ensure that information is sent to the correct host that is on that destination IP network. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon mailing lists online.

This way, data is routed from the source host back to the destination via the Internet and then delivery of the right host guaranteed. The postal system functions in similarly. Mail is delivered to the correct region with the zip code and then it will be delivered to the address of the street and house number. An IP address identical that of the zip code used to send mail out to the region as well as the house and street numbers correspond to that of MAC address of the exact station within the network.

Network Access
The address system assures correct transmission to the recipient. In normal network operations hosts should not receive data that is intended for another host since the data packet must be only accepted by the receiver intended for it. The data should be only received by the host with the correct IP address and the correct MAC address. We know, however, that sniffers may receive data that are not designed for them. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon mailing lists online.
What is the relationship between mail delivery and hacking? to do with Hacking?

The real-world scenario is that it happens that mail doesn’t get delivered to the recipient you intended. I’m sure you’ve checked your mailbox only to find the envelope was addressed to your neighbour or someone who lived at the address you have. This happens on a often basis in my home. A majority of people leave their mail in the box to wait for the post office to pick it up or even physically deliver the envelope to their neighbors. The same scenario is possible in the world of computer networking when application layer data is not delivered to the intended recipient due to an error in delivery or some other problems with the network. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon mailing lists online.

Another reason for mail not getting to the intended recipient is that someone is watching and per-forming a reconnaissance of your mailbox. Let’s suppose you’re not at home when the postal carrier brings your mail to your mailbox. Someone who is watching the mailbox from across the street or from an adjacent building could be waiting till the package to arrive at the mailbox and will then pick up the mail or an envelope from the box. This could be particularly effective when the hacker did an investigation and knew at what day and time when the letter was handed out. The hacker can then look and read the contents of the envelope. If they wanted to hide their tracks, just reseal the envelope, and place it back into the mailbox.

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Sniffing data in the network works the same manner. Data is sniffed or read and then transferred to the intended recipient or simply removed.

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Alongside understanding the network address, it is essential to know what format is used for the TCP Header. Figure 6.2 illustrates how to read the TCP Header format.

The TCP Header is made up by the fields below:

Source Port 16 bits The port number that originated from the source.

Port of Destination: 16 bits port number for the destination.

Sequence number: 32 bits This is the sequence number for the first data octet of this segment (except the case where the sequence number is). When SYN exists,, the sequence number will be the original Sequence Number (ISN) as well as the initial data octet in this segment is ISN+1. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon mailing address lists online.

Acknowledgment Number 32 bits In the event that an ACK control bit is enabled, this field will contain the value of the following sequence number that the recipient of this segment expects to receive.

Four bits Data Offset This is the amount of 32 bit words within the TCP Header. This tells you where the data will begin.

Reserved: Six bits reserved for use in the future. Must be zero.

Control Bits Control Bits: 6 bits

URG Urgent Pointer field significant

Acknowledgment field important

“PSH”: Push Function

RST Reset the connection

SYN: Synchronize Sequence number

Final: No more information from the sender

Window size: 16 bits total number of data bits that begin with the acknowledgement field, which indicates that the recipient of this segment will be willing to accept. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon mailing address lists online.

Checksum 16 bits checksum field computes the sum of all fields in order to verify the data received was correct and that the data was not altered during transit.

Urgent Pointer 16 bits. This field reveals the actual status of the pointer in an offset that is positive to the sequence number within this segment. The urgent pointer identifies the sequence number in the octet preceding this urgent information. This field can only be used to interpret segments when that URG control feature set.

Options: Variable Options could take up space at the bottom in the TCP header, and can be multi-tiples of 8 bits in length.

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In referring on the dimensions of fields within the TCP Header 8 bits is one bit. A Nibble is less one byte, and Word is more than a byte. Word is greater than a bit.

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In the next part, we will examine the ways in which a hacking tool can alter normal network operations to capture data on a host which isn’t the intended recipient.
How Sniffers Work

Sniffer software captures packets that are not intended for the sniffer’s MAC address, but rather to a target’s MAC address. This is referred to as promiscuous mode. In normal circumstances, a system connected to the network only reads and responds to data that is directly sent via the MAC address. But, many hacking tools modify the system’s NIC into promiscuous mode. With promiscuous mode the NIC analyzes all traffic and transmits it to the sniffer for processing. 

It is possible to enable promiscuous mode on a network card through the installation of driver software. A lot of hacking tools to sniff include a promiscuous mode driver to aid in this procedure. However, not all Windows drivers allow promiscuous mode, so when you use hacking tools, make sure that the driver supports the appropriate mode. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon mailing id database online.

All protocols that do not encrypt data are vulnerable to sniffing. Protocols like HTTP, POP3, Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and FTP are the most commonly recorded by sniffers and then viewed by hackers to collect valuable data like usernames and passwords.

There are two types of sniffing, active and passive. Passive sniffing involves listening to and taking notes of traffic. It’s beneficial in networks that are that is connected via hubs. Active sniffing involves initiating the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) in the form of spoofing or a traffic-flooding the switch to record traffic. The names suggest that active sniffing can be detected, but passive sniffing isn’t discernable. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon mailing id database online.

In networks that utilize Hubs, or other wireless devices to link the systems every host in the network can view every traffic stream. Consequently the passive packet sniffer will be able to monitor the traffic that is coming and going from any host connected to the hub. Switched networks operate differently. The switch analyzes the information sent to it and attempts to route packets to intended recipients based on their MAC address. The switch keeps an MAC table that includes all systems as well as the ports to which they are connected. This allows the switch to separate the network traffic and only send it to the right address of the destination. A switch network offers increased capacity and is far more secured than a network shared via hubs. Buy top Orthopedic surgeon mailing id database online.

Another method of sniffing data from switches is to employ ports with spans or mirroring that allows all information that is sent to a switch’s physical port to be replicated to another port. In many instances span ports are employed for network admins to observe traffic for legitimate reasons.

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