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FAQ
Our email list is divided into three categories: regions, industries and job functions. Regional email can help businesses target consumers or businesses in specific areas. Verizon B2B Database broken down by industry help optimize your advertising efforts. If you’re marketing to a niche buyer, then our email lists filtered by job function can be incredibly helpful.
Ethically-sourced and robust database of over 1 Billion+ unique email addresses
Our B2B and B2C data list covers over 100+ countries including APAC and EMEA with most sought after industries including Automotive, Banking & Financial services, Manufacturing, Technology, Telecommunications.
In general, once we’ve received your request for data, it takes 24 hours to first compile your specific data and you’ll receive the data within 24 hours of your initial order.
Our data standards are extremely high. We pride ourselves on providing 97% accurate Verizon Email Lists, and we’ll provide you with replacement data for all information that doesn’t meet your standards our expectations.
We pride ourselves on providing customers with high quality data. Our Verizon Email Database and mailing lists are updated semi-annually conforming to all requirements set by the Direct Marketing Association and comply with CAN-SPAM.
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Adestra recently conducted a survey to determine which marketing channel was the most effective return on investment (ROI). 68% of respondents rated email marketing as ‘excellent’ or ‘good.
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Your customers may not be the same, so they should not receive the same messages. Segmentation can be used to provide context to your various customer types. This will ensure that your customers get a relevant and understandable message to their buying journey. This allows you to create personalized and tailored messages that address your customers’ needs, wants, and problems.
Segmenting your prospects list by ‘who’ and what is the best way to do so. What they’ve done refers to what they have done on your website. One prospect might have downloaded a brochure, while another person may have signed up for a particular offer. A good email marketing service will let you segment your list and automate your campaigns so that they can be sent to different customer types at the time that suits you best.
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One email per week is all it takes to establish unbreakable relationships with customers.
An email can be used to build customer loyalty, from lead-nurturing to conversion to retention and onboarding. A personalized email with tailored content can help businesses build strong customer relationships.
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A business must have an email list to use email marketing. You will need a strategy to capture these email addresses.
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Verizon Email Lists
Advertisement IDs for Android
Google Play Services version 4.0 introduces a brand new API and user ID for both analytics and advertising providers. The conditions of use for this ID can be found below. Verizon email database free
Usage. The Android advertising identifyr (AAID) is used for advertising and analysis only. In addition, the “Opt Out of Advertising-based Share Authorization” or “Opt Out of Ads Personalization” settings need to be confirmed for every ID access.
The association is using personally identifiable details or identification methods. Verizon email listing
Advertising use: The term “advertising reference” shouldn’t be tied in any way to the persistent device identification numbers (for instance: MAC address, IMEI and so on.) for any purpose other than advertising. Advertising reference is only associated with personally identifiable data with the explicit consent of the person using it.
Verizon Email Lists
Use of statistics: The advertising index is not able to be connected to personally identifiable data or to any device’s persistent identifier (for instance the Mac address, IMEI, etc.) with the explicit approval of the person using the device. You must read the User Data Policy for additional guidelines on the use of persistent device references. Verizon email listing
Respecting the choices of users.
If it is reset, the new advertising index is not tied to the prior advertising index or any data taken from the earlier advertising index, without the prior approval of the individual. Verizon Email Lists
You must adhere to the setting of the user “Opt-out of interest-based ads” and “Opt to opt-out of the personalization in advertisements”. If a user has activated this option, you should not utilize an advertising identifier in order to create user profiles for the purpose of advertising or to target users directly with targeted ads. The permitted functions are advertisement on content, capping frequency reports, and conversion tracking. fraud and security.
On the latest devices, when the user removes an Android advertising index this index is deleted. Any attempt for access to the index be met with an undefined string. Any device that doesn’t have an advertising reference must not be connected to data that is linked to or obtained from an existing advertising reference.
Transparency for users. The use and collection of information about advertising and the compliance with these terms must be made available to users via an appropriate privacy notice from the law. For more information on general privacy issues, read the User Data policy.
The adaptation of the terms of service. Advertising referrals are only made available in accordance with Google Play Developer Policy, which includes any third party that you use in conjunction with your business. Every app that is uploaded or made available via Google Play must use the advertising ID (if it is available in the app) together with device identifiers, for any marketing for any purpose. Verizon email listing
Registered
As the developer, are not allowed to deceive users regarding any registered service or content that you offer in your application. It is crucial to make clear any promotions in the app or on splash screens. We will not permit apps that attempt to defraud consumers out of their shopping experience (including online or registered purchases). Verizon Email Lists
_Verizon mailing lists
You should be transparent about the offer. This means being clear about the terms of your offer as well as the cost of subscriptions, the duration of the billing period and whether you require a subscription to access the application. Users are not required to take any further action to change the details. Verizon email database free
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Subscriptions must offer ongoing or recurring value to customers for the duration of the subscription. It should not be used to offer single-time benefits to customers (for instance, SKUs that provide lump sums of credit or currency or boosts to games). Your subscription may provide profit promotions or bonuses, however it must be compatible with the value of the subscription that is continuous or to be offered over the course that the membership.. The products that don’t offer an ongoing or recurring benefit must use the in-app service rather than the subscription. Verizon consumer email database
You should not conceal or deceive customers, such as subscriptions. This means changing the subscription in order to change it into a one-time deal (for instance, cancelling or withdrawing or reduce the amount displayed) after the purchaser has bought the subscription.
To ensure Google Play downloads This is secure and respectful We have established standards to define and block unsafe or inappropriate content from our users. Verizon email database
Monthly subscriptions that don’t inform users that they automatically renew and be invoiced every month.
Annual subscriptions are prominently displayed with the price based on the monthly cost.
The price of subscription and the terms are partly localized.
In-app advertisements which do not explicitly mention that users are able to gain access to the information without an account (if there is one).).
SKU names that don’t accurately reflect the essence of the description, like “Free Trial”” as well as “Try Premium membership – 3 days for free” to auto-recurring memberships. Verizon Email Lists
There are multiple screens in the buying process, which involve users accidentally pressing the sign-up button.
Subscriptions that don’t provide the benefit of recurring or continuous valuesuch as offering 1,000 values for the first month, and then reduce the benefit to 1 value during the following months of subscription.
It is required that the user join an auto-renewing membership to provide only one time benefit. It it will cancel the subscription of the user without any request following the purchase.
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Example 1.
1. The unsubscribe option is not easily visible and some users might not be aware that they can use the feature without accepting an offer to subscribe.
2. The offer shows the cost in relation to the cost per month and customers may not realize that they’ll be paid for six months at the time of registration. Verizon email database
3 The promotion only displays the price at the beginning of the offer and customers may not know what will be charged at the end of the promotional period.
4. The offer should be translated into the same language as the conditions and terms so that the users are able to comprehend the entirety of the offer.
Example 2. Verizon Email Lists
One repeated click on the same button leads the user to accidentally click the final “continue” button, which causes the user to sign up.
2. The amount that the users are charged upon time of the trial’s end is hard to understand and therefore, users might think that the program is free.
Trials for free and offers to start Verizon email database
Before a person sign-ups to your subscription, you should clearly and precisely describe the terms of the offer that includes the time period as well as the price and descriptions of the content available or services. Be sure to inform your customers when and how the trial free will be converted to a paid-for subscription, the amount the subscription cost, and the ways in which users can cancel their subscription at any time if they do not want to upgrade to a premium subscription.
To ensure Google Play remains safe and respectful, to ensure that Google Play remains safe and respectful, we have developed standards to define and block the use of content that is dangerous or harmful to our users.
A promotion that doesn’t specify the duration of a trial or the introductory price will be valid for.
A non-exclusive offer implies that the customer will be automatically signed up for a paid subscription at the conclusion of the period of offer.
An alternative is that the customer can access the content at any time without having to try (if it is available).
The offer price and the terms and conditions of the site are not complete.
1. The unsubscribe button isn’t very obvious and people may not realize that they are unable to access the service without enrolling for a trial trial.
2. The offer is a free trial, and the users might not be aware the fact that they’ll be automatically charged after the trial. Verizon Email
3 The deal does not represent a trial period, and the users might not know the length of time their free access to content registered will be valid for.
4. The offer must be in similar language to the terms and conditions , so that the customers can comprehend all offer.
Management of subscriptions and cancellation Verizon Email Lists
_Verizon Email
As as a developer, it is your responsibility to make sure that your apps clearly explain how users can cancel or manage their subscription.
If a user chooses to cancel the subscription they purchased through an app available on Google Play, our policy is that the customer won’t receive a reimbursement for the current period of billing and will instead receive the subscription content as an email notification for the current billing cycle regardless of the date of billing. The cancellation of a user takes effect when the current billing period has ended. Verizon Email
As a content or access provider, you (as an access or content provider) have the ability to implement a successful refund policy for your users yourself. K It is the responsibility of you to inform your customers of any changes in your subscriber, cancellation, and refund policies and ensure that the policies adhere to the applicable law.
Family advertising program
If you offer ads within your application, and the app’s intended audience is only children, as per the Families Policy, then you should use ad SDKs that meet Google Play policies for self-verification and include the ad SDK verification requirements as listed below. If the target audience of your app includes both adults and children users, you should employ methods to screen for age and ensure that the ads you show to children are exclusively from one of the SDKs for ads that has been verified. Apps that are part of Built for Families Built for Families program are restricted to using only ad SDKs they have confirmed. Verizon email database free
Verizon lists
Utilizing Google Play certified ad SDKs is only necessary if you utilize ad SDKs in order for serving advertisements to children. The following can be done without the need to verify ad SDKs from Google Play, however, you remain accountable for ensuring that your ads and practices for data gathering are in line with Google Play’s Data Policy and Family Policy. Data Policy and Family Policy: Verizon consumer email database
Marketing inbound when you use your SDKs in order to control your apps’ promotions , or other marketing or managed media.
Direct deals can be signed with advertisers using List management SDKs.
Ad SDK validation requirements
Definition of objectionable content for ads as well as the behavior that is objectionable and block it in accordance with the rules or guidelines of the advertising SDKs. Descriptions must conform to the Google Play Developer Programs Policies. Verizon Email
Find a way to balance the creativity of your ad based on the group’s age. Age-appropriate groups should include at a minimum seniors and everyone groups. The method of rating should be in line to the method Google employs for SDKs after you have completed the form.
Allow publishers on a per-app as well as per app basis, the ability to request targeted treatment of ads. The handling of this information must comply with the applicable laws and regulations, like that of US Children’s Online Privacy and Protection Act (COPPA) and the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Google Play requires ad SDKs to block personal ads, interest-based advertisements and remarketing as part targeted management for children.
_Verizon email database
Allow publishers to select the ad formats that meet the Google Play family Ads as well as Monetization Policy and also meet the requirements of the Teacher Approved Program.
Verify that bindings that are real-time are employed to deliver advertisements to children. Creation is reviewed , and privacy indicators are incorporated into bindings. Verizon Email Lists
You must provide Google with the correct information, for example, the data that you might be interested in in order to ensure that you are compliant in accordance with Ad SDKs as well as the validation requirements. Also, to respond promptly way to any further inquiries for information, like the release of a new version to ensure that it is in compliance to the Ad SDK version and all conditions of confirmation.
Making sure that every SDK release is in compliance with Google Play Developer Programs Policies. Verizon lists
Notice: The Ad SDKs can support advertising that is compliant with the applicable laws regarding child protection and regulations applicable to their publishers.
Guidelines to serve platforms when serving advertisements to children:
Ad SDKs that are approved through Google Play or use the necessary security measures to ensure that ads displayed on an official website meet these guidelines and
Transfer crucial information to lawful platforms for assessing the content of ads as well as other ways to manage child-targeting.
Developers can view an inventory of the ad SDKs they’ve tested here.
Developers can also share their enthusiasm by using SDKs they want to test. Verizon Email Lists
Savings Lists and Promotions
The visibility and promotion of your app can affect the quality of your store. Beware of spammy listings for your store or poor quality promotions and the potential to increase the visibility of your app through Google Play.
Promotion of applications
We do not allow applications that make use of deceitful promotional practices (such as advertisements)
or harming users or the ecosystem of developers. Promoting practices can be misleading or harmful to users if their actions or content is contrary to our policies on the Developer Program. Verizon lists
Examples of violations that are common:
Making deceptive advertisements in apps, websites or any other sites that include notifications like system alerts and notifications.
Making use of sexually explicit ads to attract users will save the Google Play app listings for downloads.
Installation or promotion techniques that redirect customers towards Google Play or download apps without informing users about the actions they take.
Promotions invisible through SMS.
You are responsible to make sure that any advertising networks advertising, affiliates, or affiliates connected to your app comply with these guidelines.
Metadata Verizon Email Lists
_Verizon email listing
We don’t allow applications that have incorrect, misspelled or illegible, incorrect or inexplicably inaccurate metadata, which includes but is not limited to the description of the app developers name, title image, screenshots or promotional pictures. Developers must provide an accurate and concise description of their app. We do not permit anonymous and untrue testimonials of users in the app’s description. Verizon lists
The title of your app, the icon and developer’s name can help users to discover and gain knowledge about your application. Don’t use emojis, emoticons, or repeating special characters in metadata elements. Beware of capital letters as long as they are not part of your company’s brand name. App icons that are misleading are not permitted like a New message dot indicators when there aren’t any new messages, or download/install symbols if the app might not be compatible with downloading content. The title of your app should be no less than 30 words or less.
Alongside the guidelines listed here, some Google Play Developer Policies may require additional metadata details.
To ensure Google Play remains safe and respectful, to ensure that Google Play remains safe and respectful, we’ve created standards to define and block the use of content that is unsafe or insensitive to our users.
Here are some examples of unsuitable text images, videos, or text included in your listing:
Videos or photos that contain sexual images or videos that contain sexual. Beware of images with sexually explicit images of breasts, buttocks or genitalia or other offensive images, regardless of whether they are displayed or not.
The use of profanity or profanity or other words that are inappropriate for general audiences on your app store’s listing.
Graphic violence in apps logos, advertising images or in videos. Verizon lists
The dangers of drug use. Also, EDSA content (Educational or Documentary Scientific or Artistic) must be appropriate for everyone within the scope of the store. Verizon Email Lists
Here are some great methods:
Highlight the positive aspects of your app. Highlight the good things about your. Give facts and authority on your app in order to help users know what makes your app useful.
The app’s name and description accurately reflect the function of your app.
Avoid making use of duplicate keywords or references.
Make your app’s description brief and straight to the point. A shorter description will result in more user-friendly experience, especially for smaller screens on devices. A lot of detail, length in error, improper formatting, or repetition could cause the violation the policy.
Be aware that your listing should be aimed at a broad target audience. Be careful not to use inappropriate pictures, text or images in your listings , and adhere to the rules above.
Reviews, user ratings and installation
Developers shouldn’t attempt to alter the order in which they place any app in Google Play. This is, but isn’t only limited to, boosting ratings for products, reviews or listings that are calculated using illegal methods, for example, fake or fraudulent reviews, listings, or ratings. The inclusion of advantages. Reviews, and ratings. This includes the use of images or text in the app’s title, icon or developer name, which indicates the pricing or other details for promotional purposes. Verizon mailing lists
Developers are not allowed to use images or text to display the performance of their store or its ranking or indicate connections to other Google Play apps in the application’s title, icon or developer’s name.
To ensure that Google Play remains safe and respectful, we’ve developed guidelines that outline and prohibit any content that’s unsafe or insensitive to our users. Verizon Email Lists
Requesting that users rate your app, while also giving away a prize:
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1 This notice provides users a discount in lieu of the maximum rate. Verizon email database free
Verizon Email
The repeated submission of ratings boosts the app’s position in Google Play. Verizon consumer email database
Submission and encouraging people to send updates with inappropriate content, such as coupons, affiliates games code, emails or links to sites or other apps:
2. This review encourages users to spread the word about the RescueRover application by making an online donation.
Review and ratings are the benchmarks of app’s quality. The users rely on them to be genuine and accurate. Below are best practices to follow when responding to reviews from users:
Make sure your responses are focused on the concerns raised in the user’s comments. Also, do not ask for more points.
Provide helpful links to useful sources such as a support contact and FAQ pages.
To ensure Google Play remains safe and respectful, we’ve developed guidelines that outline and prohibit the use of content that is unsafe or insensitive to our users. Verizon mailing lists
Textual or visual representations of the performance of the store or ranking it as “App of the year,””#1,’ “Top on Google Play 20XX,’ “Popular,” icons to award, etc.
Text or graphics that display the price and other promotional information like “10% off”, “$50 cash back or “free for a certain period or ‘free for a limited time only,’ etc.
Text or graphics that display Google Play programs, such as ‘Editor’s choice”New,” etc. Verizon Email Lists
Content limitations
The content ratings in Google Play are provided by the International Age Rating Coalition (IARC) designed to assist developers share their ratings locally to users. Regional IARC authorities oversee the guidelines for determining the level of development for content included in the app. We will not permit apps that are that aren’t part within the Google Play content rating.
How are content ratings used
Content ratings are used to notify users, and especially parents, of content that is objectionable included in the application. They also assist in filtering or remove your content from other sites or specific users when legally required, and also to determine the legality of your app using software for developers. Verizon mailing lists
How are content ratings assigned?
For a content rating to be awarded a rating, you need to complete an online questionnaire for rating in the Play Console that asks about the condition of the content of your app. Your app will receive a rating for content from various rating agencies based on your responses to the questionnaire. Falsely presenting the content of your app could cause suspension or removal therefore it is essential to respond in a timely manner to the questions about content limitations. Verizon Email Lists
_Verizon email Profile
To avoid your app being identified as “Unrated” You must submit a questionnaire on content ratings for each app that you submit through Google Play Console. Google Play Console, as in the case of all current apps in Google Play. Applications that don’t have a rating for content can be taken off in the Google Play Store. Verizon business email database free download
Verizon email database
If you alter your app’s features or content that affect the results of the questionnaire for rating You must submit the questionnaire for content rating for Google Play Console. Google Play Console. email marketing database Verizon
Go to the Help Center for more information about the various rating authorities and the best way to fill out the content ratings questionnaire.
Ratings for the moderation service
If you do not agree with the assessment given to the application you submitted, then are able to contest it directly with IARC, the IARC rating authority through the link in the certification email.
Beginning September 14, 2022.
News
News app:
It is marketed as an “News” app on Google’s Play Store, or Google Play Console, or
They are listed within which are listed in the “News & Magazines” section of the Google Play Store and which are described as “news” when they include their app’s title icon, developer name or description. Verizon Email Lists
Examples of apps in of the “News & Magazines” category which are classified as News apps are: Verizon mailing lists
Apps refer to themselves by the term “news” according to the app’s description, and this includes the following, but not exclusively:
The latest news
Newspaper
Latest news
Local local news
Daily news
Apps that have”News” in the title “News” in their icons, titles of the apps or even in the name of the developer.
However, if apps contain primary content created by users (social media applications) They should not appear as News apps and should not classified as News apps.
News apps which require users to pay for a subscription must offer a preview of the content in the app for users prior to the purchase.
News apps must:
Give proprietary information on the application and the source of news stories, including but not limited to the author or publisher for each article. In the event that it is not typical to reveal the authors of stories individually, the app should actually be the author for the story. Be aware that hyperlinks to social media accounts do not constitute a valid source of identifying the author or publisher.
A dedicated website or internal page or app that clearly labels as having contact information and is easy to locate (eg or linked to the bottom of the homepage or on the navigator bar) and contains current contact details for the news publication that includes at minimum an email address and a telephone number . Note that social media links accounts do not constitute a valid source of contact information for publishers. Verizon quality email
_Verizon business database
Apps for news should not: Verizon Email Lists
They are prone to major typos and/or grammatical mistakes
It contains only static content (eg the content that is older than 3 months older) or
Use affiliate marketing or advertising revenue as their primary goal.
Be aware that News apps may employ ads as well as other marketing methods to earn money only in cases where the primary function of the app is not to market products or services or generate an income from advertising.
News Apps that incorporate content from a variety of publishing sources must be open regarding the source of the content and each source must be able to meet the standards that are part of the News policy. Verizon quality email
Refer to this article to learn how you can better supply the necessary information
that’s it.
Spam and low performance
As a rule, the apps must provide users with an acceptable user experience and performance. Applications that are shady or display other behaviors that don’t align with the users’ experience or are only used to dissuade users as well as Google Play are not apps which expand the catalogue in a logical manner.
You’re getting sending spam
We do not permit applications that cause users to be contacted by spammers as well as Google Play, such as apps that send anonymous messages, or send duplicate and unreliable apps.
A message from spam
We don’t allow applications to send emails, SMS or other messages from the user’s side without providing the user with the capability to check the contents to the recipients intended. Verizon business email database free download
Verizon email listing
To ensure Google Play remains safe and respectful, we’ve set standards to define and block any content that’s dangerous or harmful to our users.
Affiliate spam and Webviews email marketing database Verizon
We will not accept applications that are designed to bring affiliate traffic to any webview or site without authorization from the administrator or owner.
To ensure Google Play remains safe and respectful, to ensure that Google Play remains safe and respectful, we’ve created guidelines that outline and prohibit any content that could be dangerous or harmful to our users. Verizon quality email
_Verizon customers database
A program whose goal is to direct targeted traffic to a specific website in order to get an account login for the user or gain access to the site.
Applications that are designed to provide you with a view of a site without your consent:
1. This app is referred to as “Ted’s Shop Deals” and offers a web-based view of Google Shopping.
Duplicate content
We do not allow apps to offer the same user experience similar to other apps present on Google Play. Apps should provide value to users by creating distinctive products or services.
To ensure Google Play remains safe and respectful, to ensure that Google Play remains safe and respectful, we have developed guidelines that outline and prohibit the use of content that is unsafe or insensitive to our users. Verizon Email Lists
The copying of content or content that is made from applications, without providing original content or adding value.
Making multiple applications that have identical functionality, content in addition to user-experience. If the applications aren’t huge in terms of content the developers must be attentive to creating an application that is able to list all information. Verizon quality email
Made for ads
We don’t allow applications that are designed to show advertisements.
To ensure the security of Google Play remains safe and respectful, we have developed standards to define and block any content that could be dangerous or harmful to our users.
Apps that display ads put up after every user’s actions, which includes but is not only scrolling, clicking, and swiping.
A bit of work
Check that your application provides an enjoyable, stable and user-friendly experience.
To ensure the security of Google Play remains safe and respectful, we’ve created standards to define and block any content that could be unsafe or insensitive to our users. purchase Verizon email lists
Apps designed to be inactive or ineffective
A broken work
We don’t allow applications that break, cause to close, stop or perform in a way that is not correct.
To ensure Google Play remains safe and respectful, to ensure that Google Play remains safe and respectful, we have developed standards to define and block the use of content that is dangerous or harmful to our users. Verizon Email Lists
Applications that can’t be installed
Apps that install but do not load
Apps loaded, but aren’t responding Verizon business email database free download
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Alongside adhering to the guidelines for content set out within this center of policy, apps developed specifically for use with the Android experience and available through Google Play may be subject to certain application-specific policy requirements. Make sure you review the following list to determine if these guidelines are applicable to your application. purchase Verizon email lists
Fast Applications for Android
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Our aim with Fast Android apps is to deliver a fantastic user experience that is secure and in line to the strictest standards of security and security. The policies are developed to achieve this objective.
Developers who decide to offer Android Instant Apps through Google Play must adhere to the following guidelines, in addition to the Google Play Developer Program Policies.
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In applications that are fast-paced and require login functions, developers must add Smart Password Lock.
Support link
Developers of speedy Android applications must properly allow links to other applications. If quick apps developed by developers or installed apps include hyperlinks that allow users to access the quick application, the developer needs to forward users to the quick appinstead of using, for instance, the WebView links.
Technical specifications
Developers must adhere to requirements of the Android Quick Apps technical specifications and the requirements set out by Google in the event that they alter from time-to-time as well as those in our documentation available to the public. purchase Verizon email lists
Providing application installation
Instant apps can offer users an installation-ready app, but it shouldn’t be the main purpose behind an instant application. If it allows installation, the developers should:
Utilize to click on the symbol “find your software” Important Design and the word “install” using the installation button.
There isn’t a miyal install greater than 3 in their app for instant access.
Avoid using banners or any other similar method to communicate an installation request to users.
More information on agile apps and UX guidelines are found in the User Good Practices in User.
to alter the condition of the device.
Instant apps are not allowed to make changes to the device which last longer than the duration of the instant app. For instance, they may not alter the user’s background image or make the home widget for the screen. purchase Verizon email lists
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Developers must ensure that the instant apps are accessible to the user so that the user is aware each time the application runs on their device.
Device Indicators
Instant apps are not permitted to accessing device identification numbers which are (1) required when the instant app ceases functioning in addition to (2) is not resetable by the users. Examples include however, they are not restricted to:
Construction Serial
Mac addresses of all network chips
IMEI IMSI, IMEI
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Instant apps are able to access the number of the caller if they’re accessed with runtime permission. Developers should not try to create fingerprints by using these markers or other substances. Verizon email database free download
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Network traffic
Internet traffic within the instant application must be secured using an TLS protocol, such as HTTPS.
Android Emoji Policy email marketing database Verizon
Our Emoji policy is created to create an enjoyable and constant user experience. To achieve that the apps must all support the most recent version Unicode Emoji when running on Android 12or higher. buy Verizon targeted email list
Apps that make use of the standard Android Emoji without any custom implementation are already using the most recent Unicode Emoji version when running Android 12+.
Apps with custom Emoji implementations, such as those offered by third-party libraries, have to completely support the current Unicode version with Android 12+ within four months following the release of the latest Unicode Emoji.
Read this article to find out how to work with modern emoji.
Take a look at the examples of Emoji below to determine whether your app is in compliance
Google Play provides a rich platform for developers to present their top-quality, age-appropriate and high-quality content for the whole family. Before you submit an app to a program specifically designed for families, or making an application targeted at kids to Google Play Store, you must ensure that your app is safe for children and that it is in compliance with the laws in force.
Find out more about the process, and then review the App Success Participation Checklist. buy Verizon targeted email list
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The application of technology as a means to enrich the family life is increasing and parents are seeking for high-quality, safe material to give their children. It is possible that you are designing apps with children in mind, or your app may be attracting the attention of children. Google Play wants to help you ensure your app is secure for all users, which includes families.
The term “children” could mean different concepts in different states as well various locations. It is crucial to seek advice from your lawyer to find out what requirements and/or age limitations could apply to your app. You are aware of what your app does, and we trust you to assist us in ensuring that apps that are available on Google Play are safe for families.
Apps specifically designed for children should be complemented by apps specifically designed for families. If your app is designed for adults and children You can still take part within the Made for Families program. Apps that have signed up to join the Designed for Families program will be able to be assessed with an Educator Approved Program, but we can’t guarantee that your application will be part of the Educator Approved Program. If you do not choose to join the Built for Families program, you will still have to follow the rules that are set out in Google Play families policy below along with the Google Play Developer Program Policies and the Developer Distribution Agreement. buy Verizon targeted email list
Play Console Requirements
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The target audience and the content Verizon Email Lists
In the content and target audience part of Google Play Console you must specify the intended audience for your app prior to making it available for publication, by choosing the age ranges available. No matter what you are targeting through your application in Google Play Console, if you decide to provide an image as well as the list of words within your application that could be thought to be aimed at children, this could impact Google Play’s assessment of the targeted audience. Google Play reserves the right to conduct a review of the information about your app you supply to determine if the audience you describe is correct. Verizon email database free download
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If you select a target audience that includes only adults, but Google has determined that this is inaccurate because your app targets both children and adults, you have the option to make it clear to users that your app is not aimed at children by allowing you to carry a warning label. email marketing database Verizon
You should only select more than one group of your app’s target audience if you have designed your app and ensured that your app is suitable for users within the selected age groups. For example, apps designed for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers must only have the age group “Ages 5 and under” selected as the target age group for those apps. If your app is designed for a specific school level, choose the age group that best represents that school level. You should only select age groups that include both adults and children if you have truly designed your app for all ages.
Target audience updates and content section buy Verizon database for marketing
You can always update your app information in the target audience and content section of the Google Play Console. An update is required before this information will be displayed on the Google Play Store. However, any changes you make in this section of the Google Play Console may be reviewed for policy compliance even before an app update is submitted.
We strongly recommend that you let existing users know when you change your app’s target group or start using ads for in-app purchases, either through the “What’s new” section of your app’s inventory page or through in-app notifications. buy Verizon database for marketing
Misrepresentation on the Play Console
Misrepresenting any information about your app in the Play Console, including target audience and content category, can result in the removal or suspension of your app, so it’s important to provide accurate information.
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Family policy requirements Verizon Email Lists
If one of your app’s target audiences is children, you must comply with the following requirements. Failure to meet these requirements may result in application removal or suspension.
App content: Your app’s content accessible to children should be child-friendly. If your app has content that is not suitable globally, but that content is considered suitable for child users in a certain region, the app may be available in that region (restricted regions) but not in other regions.
App functionality: Your app should not only provide a webview for the website or have the primary purpose of driving affiliate traffic to the website, regardless of website ownership.
We’re always exploring ways to enable new experiences for kids app developers. If you are interested in joining our Trusted Web App evaluation for educational apps, please submit your interest here.
Google Play Console responses: You must correctly answer all questions in the Google Play Console about your app and update those responses to correctly reflect any changes to your app. This includes but is not limited to, clearly disclosing interactive elements of your app to the Content Rating Questionnaire, such as: buy Verizon database for marketing
Users of your app can interact or exchange information;
Your app shares user-provided personal information with third-party companies; again
Your app shares the user’s physical location with other users.
Ads: If your app displays ads to children or users of unknown age, you must:
Use only ad SDKs certified by Google Play to serve ads to those users;
Ensure that the ads displayed to those users who are not interested ensure that the ads displayed to those users do not include interest-based advertising (advertising targeted to individual users with certain characteristics based on online browsing behavior) or remarketing (advertising targeted to individual users in previous interactions with the app or website);
Ensure that the advertisements shown to those users provide content suitable for children;
Ensure that the ads shown to those users are compliant ad format requirements for Families; again
Ensure compliance with all applicable legal and industry standard regulations relating to advertising to children.
Data practices: You must disclose the collection of any personal and sensitive information from children in your app, including through APIs and SDKs that are called or used in your app. Sensitive information from children including, but not limited to, authentication information, microphone, and camera hearing data, device data, Android ID, and ad usage data. You must ensure that your apps follow the data practices below:
You must not transmit Android Advertising identifier (AAID), SIM Serial, Build Serial, BSSID, MAC, SSID, IMEI, and/or IMSI from children or users of unknown age. Verizon Email Lists
The phone number of the device should not be requested from the TelephonyManager of the Android API.
Apps that only target children may not ask for location permission, or collect, use, and send accurate location.
Apps must use the Companion Device Manager (CDM) when requesting Bluetooth, unless your app only targets Operating System (OS) versions that do not support CDM. buy Verizon database for marketing
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APIs and SDKs: You must ensure that your application makes proper use of APIs and SDKs.
Apps that specifically target children must not contain any APIs or SDKs that are not permitted for use in services primarily aimed at children. This includes, Google login (or another Google API service that accesses data associated with a Google account), Google Play Games Services, and any other API service using OAuth technology to authenticate and approved.
Apps aimed at both children and older audiences should not include APIs or SDKs that are not allowed to use services directed at children unless they are used behind a medium-age screen or installed in a way that does not lead to the collection of data from children. Apps aimed at both children and mature audiences should not require users to sign in or access app content through an API or SDK that is not approved for use in services aimed at children. Verizon database for sale
Augmented Reality (AR): If your app uses Augmented Reality, you should include a safety warning immediately at the beginning of the AR section. The warning must contain the following:
The right message about the importance of parental supervision.
A reminder to be aware of physical hazards in the real world (eg, knowing your immediate surroundings).
Your app must not require the use of a device that is recommended for use by children. (eg Daydream, Oculus).
Community Apps and Elements: If your app allows users to share or exchange information, you must accurately disclose information about these elements in the content limitations questionnaire in the Play Developer Console.
Social apps: A social app is an app where the main focus is to enable users to share freeform content or communicate with large groups of people. All social media apps that include children in their target audience must provide an in-app reminder about online safety and awareness of the dangers of connecting online to the real world before allowing child users to share freeform media or information. You must also require an adult’s action before allowing child users to exchange personal information.
Social elements: A social element is any additional app functionality that enables users to share freeform content or communicate with large groups of people. Any app that includes children in its target audience and has social elements, should provide an in-app reminder about online safety and awareness of the dangers of connecting online to the real world before allowing child users to share freeform media or information. You must also provide a way for adults to manage the social features of child users, including, but not limited to, enabling/disabling a social feature or choosing different levels of functionality. Finally, you must require an adult’s action before enabling features that allow children to exchange personal information. Verizon database for sale
Adult action means a way to ensure that the user is not a child and we do not encourage children to lie about their age to gain access to areas of your app designed for adults (eg adult PIN, password, date of birth,
verify by email, photo ID, credit card, or SSN).
Social apps where the main purpose of the app is to chat with strangers should not be aimed at children. Examples include: roulette style chat apps, dating apps, open chat rooms for kids, etc. Verizon Email Lists
Compliance: You must ensure that your application, including any APIs or SDKs that your application calls or uses, complies with the U.S. Children’s Online Privacy and Protection Act (COPPA), E.U. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and other applicable laws and regulations.
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To make sure that Google Play remains safe and respectful, we have created standards that define and prevent content that is harmful or inappropriate for our users. Verizon database for sale
Apps that promote children’s play in their list saver but the content of the app is only suitable for adults.
Applications that use APIs with terms of service prohibit their use in applications directed at children.
Applications that highlight the use of alcohol, tobacco or controlled drugs.
Apps that feature real or simulated gambling.
Apps that involve violence, fighting, or scary content are not suitable for children.
Apps that provide dating services or provide sexual or marriage advice.
Apps that link to websites that present content that violates Google Play’s Developer Program Policies.
Apps that show mature advertisements (eg violent content, sexual content, gambling content) to children. Please see the Family Ads and Monetization policies for more information on google’s policies for advertising, in-app purchases, and commercial content for children. Verizon email database free download
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A program designed for families
Apps designed specifically for children must be joined by apps designed for families. If your app is designed for everyone, including children and families, you can also apply to participate in the app. buy Verizon email database
Before being accepted into the program your app must meet all the requirements of the families Policy and the eligibility requirements of Built for families, in addition to those indicated in the Google Play Developer Program Policies and the Developer Distribution Agreement.
For more information about the process of submitting your application for inclusion in the program, click here. Verizon database for sale
Eligibility of the program
All apps participating in the Designed for Families program must have app and ad content that is appropriate and suitable for children (apps must be rated ESRB Everyone or Everyone 10+, or equivalent) and must use only certified SDKs Google Play ad. Apps accepted into the family-friendly program must always comply with all program requirements. Google Play may reject, remove, or suspend any app that is not eligible for the Made for Families program. Verizon address lists
Here are some examples of common applications that are not suitable for the system.
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Apps that are ESRB rated for everyone but contain ads for gambling content
Apps for parents or caregivers (eg, breastfeeding tracker, development guide)
Parental guides or device management apps are intended for use by parents or guardians
Sections
If you are eligible to participate in the Designed for Families program, you may select a specific Family category that describes your application. Here are the available categories of apps that participate in the Built for Families program: Verizon Email Lists
Action and entertainment: Action apps/games, including everything from racing games to fantasy, and other apps and games designed for fun.
Brain games: Games that make the user think, including puzzles, matching games, quizzes, and other games that challenge the mind, intelligence, or understanding. Verizon address lists
Creativity: Apps and games that encourage creativity, including drawing apps, painting apps, coding apps, and other apps and games for you to be and do things.
Education: Apps and games designed with input from educational professionals (e.g. teachers, pedagogues, researchers) to promote learning, including academic, social, physical, and artistic learning, as well as learning related to general life skills, critical thinking, and problem solving.
Music and video: Apps and games that have a music or video component, including everything from music simulation apps to apps that provide video and music content.
Role-playing: Apps and games where the user may pretend to be a character, for example, pretending to be a chef, a caretaker, a princess/prince, a fireman, a policeman, or a fictional character. Verizon Email Lists
Ads and how to make money
If you’re monetizing a kid-oriented app on Google Play, it’s important that your app follows the Family Ads and Monetization Policy Requirements.
The policies below apply to all monetization and advertising in your app, including ads, multiple promotions (for your app and third-party apps), in-app purchase offers, and any commercial content (such as paid product placement). All monetization and advertising on this app must comply with all applicable laws and regulations (including any applicable regulatory or industry guidelines). Verizon address lists
Google Play reserves the right to refuse, remove or suspend applications based on sales statistics.
Format requirements
Monetization and advertising in your app should not contain deceptive content or be designed in a way that may lead to unintended clicks. The following are prohibited:
Intrusive monetization and advertising, including monetization and advertising that takes up the entire screen or interferes with normal functionality and does not provide a clear way to dismiss the ad (eg ad walls)
A way to make money and ads that interfere with normal app usage or game play that doesn’t close after 5 seconds.
Monetization and advertising that do not interfere with normal app use or game play may last longer than 5 seconds (eg video content with integrated ads).
How to monetize Interstitials and ads that are displayed immediately when the app is launched
Placing multiple ads on a page (eg banner ads showing multiple offers in one place or displaying more than one banner or video ad is not allowed).
Monetization and advertising are clearly inseparable from your app’s content
The use of intimidating and deceptive tactics to encourage viewing of advertisements or in-app purchases
Not providing a distinction between the use of virtual game characters versus real-life currency to make in-app purchases To make sure that Google Play remains safe and respectful, we have created standards that define and prevent content that is harmful or inappropriate for our users. Verizon Email Lists
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A way to monetize and advertise from the user’s finger when the user tries to close it Verizon address lists
A monetization and advertising method that does not give the user a way to exit the offer after five (5) seconds as shown in the example below:
A method of monetization and advertising that takes up almost the entire screen of the device without giving the user a clear way to spend it, as shown in the example below:
Banner ads that show multiple offers, as shown in the example below:
The method of monetization and advertising may be mistaken by the user for the content of the app, as shown in the example below:
Buttons, ads, or other monetization that promote other Google Play listings but are not separate from the app’s content, as shown in the example below: Verizon email database free download
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Here are some examples of inappropriate ad content that should not be shown to children. buy Verizon email database
Inappropriate Media Content: Ads for TV shows, movies, music albums, or other media outlets that are not suitable for children.
Inappropriate Video Games and Downloadable Software: Ads for downloadable software and electronic video games that are inappropriate for children.
Controlled or Dangerous Substances: Advertisements for alcohol, tobacco, controlled substances, or other dangerous substances.
Gambling: Advertisements simulating gambling, contests or sweepstakes promotions, even if it is free to enter.
Adult and sexually suggestive content: Ads with sexual, suggestive and adult content.
Dating and Relationships: Ads for adult dating or relationship sites.
Violent Content: Ads with violent and graphic content that are not suitable for children. Verizon Email Lists
Ad SDKs
If you serve ads in your app and your target audience includes only children, you should use Google Play’s certified ad SDKs. If your app’s target audience includes both children and older users, you should enter age screen restrictions as the average age screen, and ensure that ads shown to children appear exclusively from Google Play certified ad SDKs. Apps for the Built for Families program are required to use only ad SDKs that they have verified. Verizon email database providers
Please see the app policy page for families for more details on these requirements and to see the current list of approved ad SDKs.
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If you use AdMob, see the AdMob Help Center for more information about their products.
It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets all requirements regarding advertisers, in-app purchases, and commercial content. Contact the provider of your ad SDK to learn more about their content policies and advertising behavior.
In-app purchases
Google Play will also authenticate all users before making any in-app purchases on apps that participate in the Family Friendly program. This reason is to help ensure that the financially responsible party, and not the children, is the one making the purchase.
Activation
Avoiding policy violations is always better than managing them, but if a violation occurs, we have a responsibility to ensure developers understand how to bring their application into compliance. Please let us know if you notice any violations or if you have questions about handling violations.
Policy coverage Verizon Email Lists
Our policies apply to any content your app displays or links to, including any ads you display to users and any user-generated content you host or links to. In addition, they apply to any content from a publicly displayed developer account on Google Play, which includes your developer name and the landing page of your developer-listed website. Verizon email database providers
We do not allow applications that allow users to install other applications on their devices. Applications that provide access to other applications, games, or software without installation, including features and emotions provided by third parties, must ensure that all content provides access to all compliance policies of Google Play and may be subject to further policy updates.
The terms defined in these policies have a similar feel to that in the Developer Distribution Agreement (DDA). In addition to complying with these policies and the DDA, your app’s permission must be limited according to our Content Rating Guidelines.
We do not allow apps or app content to undermine user trust in the Google Play ecosystem. When evaluating whether to include or remove apps from Google Play, we consider several factors including, but not limited to, a pattern of dangerous behavior or a high risk of abuse. We identify abuse risk including but not limited to, things like app and developer-specific complaints, news reporting, past violation history, user feedback, and use of popular products, characters, and other assets. Verizon Email Lists
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Google Play Protect checks apps when you install them. And it always scans your device. If it detects a malicious application, it may:
Sent you a notification. To remove an app, tap the notification, then tap Uninstall.
Disable the app until you uninstall it.
Remove the app automatically. In most cases, if a malicious app is detected, you will receive a notification saying that the app has been removed.
How malware works
To protect you from third-party software, URLs and other security issues, Google may receive information about:
And your device’s network connection
Malicious URLs can be dangerous
Operating system, and applications installed on your device through Google Play or other sources.
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You may receive a warning from Google about an app or URL that may not be safe. An app or URL may be removed or banned from being installed by Google if it is known to be harmful to devices, data or users. Verizon Email Lists
You can choose to disable some of these protections in your device settings. But Google can continue to receive information about apps installed through Google Play, and apps installed on your device from other sources can continue to be checked for security issues without sending information to Google. Verizon email database providers
How Privacy Notices Work
Google Play Protect will alert you if the app has been removed from the Google Play Store because the app can access your personal information and you will get an option to uninstall the app.
Enforcement process
If your application violates our policies, we will take appropriate action as described below. In addition, we will provide you with information related to the action we have taken by email and instructions on how to file a complaint if you believe we have acted in error.
Please note that removal or administrative notices may not reflect all policy violations that exist in your app or app catalog. Developers are responsible for addressing any flagged policy issues and taking extra care to ensure that the rest of their application fully complies with the policy. Failure to address policy violations across all of your applications may result in additional enforcement actions. Verizon Email Lists
Repeated or serious violations (such as malware, fraud, and applications that may cause harm to the user or device) of these policies or the Developer Distribution Agreement (DDA) will result in the termination of individual or Google Play developer accounts.
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Different enforcement actions can affect your application in different ways. The following section describes the various actions that Google Play can take, and the impact on your app and/or your Google Developer account. This information is also explained in this video.
Denied
A new app or app update submitted for review may not be available on Google Play.
If an update to an existing app is denied, the version of the app published before the update will remain available on Google Play.
Denial does not affect access to existing user entries of the denied application, statistics, and ratings
Opting out does not affect the status of your Google Play developer account.
Note: Do not attempt to resubmit a banned application until you have completed it e policy violation. Verizon Email Lists
Removal
The app, and previous versions of this app, have been removed from Google Play and will no longer be available for users to download.
Because the app has been removed, users will not be able to see the app store listing, user installs, stats, and ratings. This information will be returned once you submit a policy compliance update to the removed app.
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Users may not be able to make in-app purchases, or use in-app payment features in the app until a policy-compliant version is approved by Google Play. Verizon b2b database
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Deletion does not immediately affect the standing of your Google Play developer account, but multiple deletions can lead to suspension.
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Note: Do not attempt to republish a deleted app until you have fixed all policy violations. buy Verizon email database
Suspension
The app, and previous versions of this app, have been removed from Google Play and will no longer be available for users to download.
Suspensions can occur as a result of a combination or multiple policy violations, as well as repeated app rejections or removals.
Because the app is suspended, users won’t be able to see the app store listing, existing user installs, statistics, and ratings This information will be restored once you submit a policy compliance review.
You will no longer be able to use the default app APK or app bundle.
Users will not be able to make in-app purchases, or use in-app payment features in the app until a compliant version is approved by Google Play.
Suspensions count as claims against the good standing of your Google Play developer account. Many claims may involve the suspension of individual and related Google Play developer accounts
Note: Do not attempt to republish a default app unless Google Play specifies that you can do so. Verizon Email Lists
Limited Visibility
Your app’s availability on Google Play is limited. Your app is always available on Google Play and can be accessed by users through a direct link to the Google Play store listing of the app store. buy Verizon database online
Placing your app in Limited Visibility status does not affect the status of your Google Play developer account.
Setting your app to Restricted Visibility status does not affect the user’s ability to see Save existing app listings, user installs, statistics, and ratings.
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Restricted Regions
Your app can only be downloaded by users through Google Play in certain regions.
Users in other regions will not be able to get the app from the Play Store.
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Users who have previously installed the app can continue to use it on their device but will no longer receive updates.
Restricting regions does not affect the status of a Google Play Developer account.
Account Termination
If your developer account is terminated, all apps in your catalog will be removed from Google Play and you will no longer be able to publish new apps. This also means any related Google Play developer accounts will be permanently suspended.
Multiple suspensions or suspensions for policy violations may result in termination of your Play Console account.
Because all apps within a terminated account are deleted, users will not be able to see the app store list, existing user installs, statistics, and limitations.
Note: Any new account you attempt to open will also be terminated (without a refund of the developer registration fee), so please do not attempt to register for a new Play Console account while one of your accounts is terminated. Verizon Email Lists
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Inactive accounts are inactive or abandoned developer accounts. Inactive accounts do not have good standing as required by the Developer Distribution Agreement.
Google Play developer accounts are intended for active developers who actively publish and maintain apps. To avoid abuse, we close accounts that are inactive or not used or engaged frequently, (for example by publishing and updating apps, accessing statistics, or managing to save lists) often.
Deactivation of an inactive account will delete your account and other data related to it. Your registration fee is non-refundable and will be eaten. Before we close your inactive account, we will notify you using the contact information you provided for that account.
Termination of an inactive account will not limit your ability to create a new account in the future if you decide to publish on Google Play. You will not be able to reuse your account with other previous apps or the data will not be available in the new account.
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Filing an Enforcement Action Appeal
We will only restore apps if a mistake has been made, and we find that your app does not violate the Google Play App Policies and Developer Distribution Agreement. If you have carefully reviewed the policies and feel that a decision may have been made in error, please follow the instructions provided to you in the enforcement email to file a claim against our decision. Verizon Email Lists
Additional services
If you need more information about an enforcement action or a rating/comment from a user, you can check the resources below or contact us through the Google Play Help Center. We cannot, however, provide legal advice. If you need legal advice, please contact legal advice.
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App verification
Report a policy violation
Contact Google Play regarding account termination and app removal
Better warnings
Report wrong apps and comments
My app has been removed from Google Play
Understanding Google Play developer account termination
Play Console Requirements
Google Play wants to provide a safe and beautiful app experience for our users and a great opportunity for all developers to succeed. We strive to ensure that the process of making your app available to users goes as smoothly as possible.
To help you avoid common violations that can slow down the review process or trigger rejections, make sure to do the following when submitting information through the Play Console. buy Verizon database online
Before submitting your app, you must:
You have accurately provided all app information and metadata Verizon Email Lists
Make sure your contact information is always correct
Upload your app’s privacy policy and complete the requirements in the Data Security section
Provide an active demo account, login information, and all the necessary resources to update your app (login credentials, QR code, etc.)
As always, you should ensure that your app provides a stable, reliable, responsive user experience; check that everything in your app, including ad networks, and third-party SDKs, complies with the Google Play Developer Program Policies; and if your app is aimed at children, make sure it complies with our Family policy. Verizon email id list
Remember, it is your responsibility to review the Developer Distribution Agreement and all Developer Program Policies to ensure your app is fully compliant.
Ad SDKs
If you serve ads in your app and your target audience includes only children, you should use Google Play’s certified ad SDKs. If your app’s target audience includes both children and older users, you should enter age screen restrictions as the average age screen, and ensure that ads shown to children appear exclusively from Google Play certified ad SDKs. Apps for the Built for Families program are required to use only ad SDKs that they have verified.
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Please see the app policy page for families for more details on these requirements and to see the current list of approved ad SDKs.
If you use AdMob, see the AdMob Help Center for more information about their products.
It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets all requirements regarding advertisers, in-app purchases, and commercial content. Contact the provider of your ad SDK to learn more about their content policies and advertising behavior. Verizon b2b database
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Google Play will also authenticate all users before making any in-app purchases on apps that participate in the Family Friendly program. This reason is to help ensure that the financially responsible party, and not the children, is the one making the purchase.
Activation
Avoiding policy violations is always better than managing them, but if a violation occurs, we have a responsibility to ensure developers understand how to bring their application into compliance. Please let us know if you notice any violations or if you have questions about handling violations.
Policy coverage
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This policy consists of allowing the update operation of the tuple and in
perform compensating operations that set null values to attributes
of the foreign key of the tuples that refer to it; this action is carried out
to maintain referential integrity.
Since relational DBMS generally allow establishing that a
certain attribute of a relation does not allow null values, it can only be
apply the override policy if the foreign key attributes do ad-
miten. CPO mailing lists
Override application example
The best way to understand what annulment is is through an example. We have
the following relationships:
• SELLERS relationship:
• CUSTOMER relationship:
* {vendedorasig} reference SELLERS.
More specifically, cancellation in case of deletion consists of per-
allow the deletion of a tuple t that has a referenced key and, in addition,
else, modify all tuples that reference t, so that the
attributes of the corresponding foreign key take null values.
Similarly, cancellation in case of modification consists of
allow modification of attributes of the primary key of a tuple
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t that has a referenced key and additionally modify all tuples
referencing t, so that the attributes of the corresponding foreign key
slope take null values.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 30 The relational model and relational algebra
a) If we apply the annulment in case of deletion and, for example, we want to delete the seller
number 1, all the clients that had it assigned will be modified, and they will have a value
null lor in sellersig. We will have:
• SELLERS relationship:
• CUSTOMER relationship:
* {vendedorasig} reference SELLERS.
b) If we apply the override on modification, and now we want to change the number
of the seller 2 by 5, all the clients that had it assigned will be modified and will pass to
have a null value in sellersig. We will have:
• SELLERS relationship:
• CUSTOMER relationship:
* {vendedorasig} reference SELLERS.
4.3.4. Selection of the maintenance policy
of referential integrity email marketing database CPO
We have seen that in case of deletion or modification of a primary key,
differentiated by some foreign key, there are several key maintenance policies.
the referential integrity rule.
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The way to define these policies of
maintaining integrity with
the SQL language is explained in the unit
“The SQL language” of this course.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 31 The relational model and relational algebra CPO address lists
The designer can choose for each foreign key which policy will be applied in
case of deletion of the referenced primary key, and which in case of modification
tion of it. The designer must take into account the meaning of each key
concrete foreign to be able to choose appropriately.
4.4. Domain Integrity Rule
The domain integrity rule is related, as its name suggests,
with the notion of domain. This rule establishes two conditions.
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This condition implies that all non-null values contained in the base of
data for a given attribute must be from the domain declared for di-
cho attribute.
Example
If in the relation EMPLOYEES (DNI, name, surname, ageemp) we have declared that domi-
nio(DNI) is the predefined domain of integers, so we will not be able to insert, for example,
For example, no employee whose DNI has the value “Luis”, which is not an integer.
Let us remember that domains can be of two types: predefined or defined.
two per user. Note that user-defined domains result in
so very useful, because they allow us to determine more specifically
what will be the values admitted by the attributes.
Example
Suppose now that in the relation EMPLOYEES(DNI, name, surname, ageemp) we have
declared that domain(empage) is the domain defined by the user age. suppose
also that the age domain has been defined as the set of integers between
16 and 65. In this case, for example, it will not be possible to insert an employee with a value of 90
for ageemp.
The second condition of the domain integrity rule is more complex,
especially in the case of user-defined domains; the DBMS ac-
Current ones do not support it for these last domains. For these reasons only the
We will present superficially.
The first condition is that a non-null value of an attribute
A i must belong to the domain of the attribute A i; that is, it must belong
to domain(Ai).
This second condition serves to establish that the operators that
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can be applied to the values depend on the domains of these
values; that is, a given operator can only be applied on
values that have domains that are suitable for it.
Policy Enforcement CPO mailing lists
different
It may happen that for a
certain foreign key, the
appropriate policy in case
erase is different from the
suitable in case of modification
tion. For example, it can be
need to apply the restriction
in case of deletion and update
cascading in case
of modification.
Remember that the concepts
predefined domain and domain
user-defined have been explained
in subsection 2.2 of this unit
didactic
further reading
To study in more detail
the second condition
of the integrity rule
of domain, you can consult
the following work:
CJ Date (2001).
Introduction to systems
of databases (7th ed.,
chap. 19). Prentice Hall.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 32 The relational model and relational algebra
Example
We will analyze this second condition of the domain integrity rule with an example
concrete. If in the relation EMPLOYEES (DNI, name, surname, ageemp) it has been declared that
domain(DNI) is the predefined domain of integers, so it will not be allowed to query
all those employees whose DNI is equal to ‘Elena’ (DNI = ‘Elena’). The reason is not
it makes sense that the comparison operator = be applied between a DNI that has for domain
nio the integers, and the value ‘Elena’, which is a character string.
Thus, the fact that the operators that can be applied to the email marketing database CPO
values depend on the domain of these values allows to detect errors that are
they might commit when the database is queried or updated. The domi-
User-defined definitions are very useful, because they will allow us to determine
specify more specifically which operators can be applied
about values.
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Example
Let’s look at another example with user-defined domains. Suppose that in the knowledge
gives relationship EMPLOYEES (DNI, name, surname, ageemp) it has been declared that domain (DNI)
is the domain defined by the user IDnumbers and that domain(ageemp) is the domain of-
user-defined age. Suppose that DNInumbers corresponds to the positive integers CPO database for sale
and what age corresponds to the integers that are between 16 and 65. In this case, it will be incorrect,
for example, query the employees who have the DNI value equal to the empage value.
The reason is that, although both the DNI and empage values are integers, their do-
minions are different; therefore, according to the meaning that the user gives them, it does not make sense
compare them.
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However, current relational DBMSs do not support the second con-
addition of the domain integrity rule for domains defined by the
Username. If you wanted to do it, it would be necessary for the designer to have some
way of specifying, for each operator that one wanted to use, for what
User-defined domain joins make sense to apply.
The SQL standard language does not currently include this possibility.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 33 The relational model and relational algebra
5. The relational algebra
As we have already commented in the section dedicated to the operations of the
relational, relational algebra is inspired by set theory to
specify queries in a relational database.
To specify a query in relational algebra, you must define one or more
more steps that serve to build, through algebra operations
relational, a new relation that contains the data that responds to the relation
results from the stored relationships. Languages based on the alge-
relational code are procedural, since the steps that make up the query
describe a procedure.
The vision that we will present is that of a theoretical language and, therefore, we will include-
We only describe its fundamental operations, and not the constructions that could be
add to a commercial language to facilitate issues such as the or-
presentation of the result, the calculation of aggregate data, etc.
Relational algebra operations have been classified according to different criteria. CPO quality email lists
theria; of all of them we indicate the following three:
1) Depending on whether or not they can be expressed in terms of other operations.
a) Primitive operations: are those operations from which we can
Let’s define the rest. These operations are union, difference, product.
Cartesian to, selection and projection.
b) Non-primitive operations: the rest of the operations of the relational algebra
that are not strictly necessary, because they can be expressed in terms of
we of the primitives; however, non-primitive operations allow
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formulate some queries more comfortably. There are different versions
relational algebra, depending on the non-primitive operations included. Nope-
We will study the non-primitive operations that are used most frequently.
sequence: the intersection and the combination.
2) According to the relationship number ones that have as operands:
a) Binary operations: they are those that have two relations as operands.
All operations except selection and projection are binary.
A remarkable feature of all the operations of relative algebra
The rationale is that both the operands and the result are relations. Is
property is called a relational closure.
Consult section 3
of this teaching unit.
Closure Implications
relational
The fact that the result
of an algebra operation
relational be a new
relationship has implications
important:
1. The result of an operation
tion can act as
operand of another operation.
2. The result of a email marketing database CPO
operation will meet all
the features that already
We know about the relationships:
non-ordering of tuples,
absence of repeated tuples,
etc.
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FUOC • 71Z799014MO 34 The relational model and relational algebra
b) Unary operations: they are those that have a single relation as operand.
do. Selection and projection are unary.
3) According to whether or not they resemble the operations of set theory:
a) Set operations: they are those that resemble those of the theory of CPO database for sale
sets. These are the union, intersection, difference, and product.
Cartesian.
b) Specifically relational operations: they are the rest of the operations;
that is, selection, projection, and combination.
As we have already mentioned, the relational algebra operations
result in a new relationship.
That is, if we do an operation
tion of algebra such as EMPLOYEES_ADM ∪ ∪ EMPLOYEES_PROD
to obtain the union of the relations EMPLOYEES_ADM and EMPLOYEES_PROD,
the result of the operation is a new relation that has the union of the tuples
of the starting relationships.
This new relationship must have a name. In principle, we consider that your
name is the same relational algebra expression that gets it; namely,
the same expression EMPLOYEES_ADM ∪ EMPLOYEES_PROD. Since this CPO quality email lists
name is long, sometimes it can be interesting to change it for one more
simple. This will make it easier for us to refer to the new relationship, and it will be especially
mind useful in cases where we want to use it as an operand of another
operation. We will use the helper operation rename for this purpose.
In the example, to give the name EMPLOYEES to the relation resulting from the
operation EMPLOYEES_ADM ∪ EMPLOYEES_PROD, we would do:
EMPLOYEES := EMPLOYEES_ADM ∪ EMPLOYEES_PROD.
Each relational algebra operation gives default names to the attributes.
Butos of the scheme of the resulting relationship, as we will see later.
In some cases, it may be necessary to change these default names to
other names. For this reason, we will also allow renaming
the relation and its attributes using the rename operation.
The rename operation, which we will denote with the symbol :=, allows
assign a name R to the relation that results from an operation of the
relational algebra; it does it as follows:
R := E,
where E is the expression of a relational algebra operation.
algebra operations
relational classified according to
whether they are ensemble or specifically
relationships are studied in
subsections 5.1 and 5.2 of this unit.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 35 The relational model and relational algebra
Here is an example that we will use to illustrate the
relational algebra operations. Later we will see in detail the operations
tions.
Suppose we have a relational database with the four relations
following tions:
1) The relationship BUILDINGS_EMP, which contains data from different buildings of the
that a company has to carry out its activities.
2) The DESPACHOS relation, which contains data on each of the dispatches
that is in the previous buildings.
3) The relation EMPLOYEES_ADM, which contains the data of the employees of
the company that carry out administrative tasks.
4) The relation EMPLOYEES_PROD, which stores the data of the employees CPO consumer email database
of the company dealing with production tasks.
Next we describe the schemes of the previous relations and their ex-
stresses at a given time:
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Cartesian product
If we calculate the Cartesian product of BUILDINGS_EMP and OFFICES, we will obtain a
new relation containing all possible concatenations of EMP_BUILDINGS tuples
with DISPATCH tuples.
If you want to calculate the Cartesian product of two relations that have some CPO database for sale
common attribute name, it is only necessary to previously rename the attributes
suitable butos of one of the two relationships.
Next we define the attributes and the extension of the resulting relation
of a Cartesian product.
Cartesian product example
The Cartesian product of the relations OFFICES and BUILDINGS_EMP in the example can be
do as indicated (it is necessary to rename attributes previously):
BUILDINGS(buildingname, supmediadesp) := BUILDINGS_EMP(building, supmediadesp).
R := BUILDINGS × OFFICES.
Then, the resulting relation R will be:
The Cartesian product is an operation that, from two relations,
obtains a new relation formed by all the tuples that result
of concatenating tuples from the first relation with tuples from the second.
The Cartesian product is a binary operation. Being T and S two rela-
tions that satisfy that their schemas do not have any name of
common attribute, the Cartesian product of T and S is denoted as T × S.
The schema attributes of the resulting relation of T × S are all
the attributes of T and all the attributes of S*.
The extension of the resulting relation of T × S is the set of all
the tuples of the form <v1, v2, …, v n , w1, w2, …, w m> for which
ple that <v1, v2, …, v n> belongs to the extension of T and that <w1, w2, …,
w m> belongs to the extension of S.
R
buildingname supmediadesp building number area
Navy 15 Navy 120 10 CPO quality email lists
Navy 15 Navy 230 20
Marine 15 Diagonal 120 10
Marina 15 Diagonal 440 10
Diagonal 10 Navy 120 10
* Remember that T and S do not have
no common attribute name.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 41 The relational model and relational algebra
It should be noted that the Cartesian product is an operation that is rarely
is used explicitly, because the result it gives is usually not useful for
resolve common queries.
Despite this, the Cartesian product is included in the relational algebra because
which is a primitive operation; from which another operation of the
algebra, the combination, which is used very often.
5.2. Specifically relational operations
The specifically relational operations are selection, projection
and the combination.
5.2.1. Selection
To obtain a relationship that has all the offices of the Marina building that have more
of 12 square meters, we can apply a selection to the DESPACHOS relationship with a
selection condition that is building = Marina and area > 12; DESPA- would be indicated
CHOS(building = Marina and area > 12).
In general, the selection condition C is made up of one or more clauses
from the way:
buildingname supmediadesp building number area
Diagonal 10 Marina 230 20
Diagonal 10 Diagonal 120 10
Diagonal 10 Diagonal 440 10
We can see the selection as an operation that serves to choose some
some tuples from a relation and remove the rest. More specifically, the
selection is an operation that, from a relation, obtains a CPO consumer email database
new relation formed by all the tuples of the starting relation
that meet a specified selection condition.
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Selection is a unary operation. Being C a condition of se-
lesson, the selection of T with the condition C is denoted as T(C).
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 42 The relational model and relational algebra
where Ai and Aj are attributes of the relation T, θ is a comparison operator*
and v is a value. Furthermore, it holds that: buy CPO database for marketing
• In clauses of the form Ai θ v, v is a value of the domain of Ai.
• In clauses of the form Ai, θ Aj , Ai and Aj have the same domain.
The clauses that form a selection condition are connected with the following:
following boolean operators: “and” (∧) and “or” (∨).
Next we define the attributes and the extension of the resulting relation
of a selection.
Selection Example
If we want to obtain a relation R with the dispatches of the database of the example that
are in the Marina building and that have an area of more than 12 square meters,
We will make the following selection:
R := OFFICES(building = Marina and area > 12).
The resulting relation R will be:
5.2.2. Projection
The schema attributes of the resulting relation of T(C) match
with the attributes of the schema of the relation T.
The extension of the resulting relation of T(C) is the set of tuples
that belong to the extension of T and that satisfy the condition of se-
lesson C. A tuple t satisfies a selection condition C if, after
substituting each attribute in C for its value in t, the condition C
evaluates to the true value.
Rbuilding number surface
Navy 230 20
We can consider the projection as an operation that serves to
choose some attributes of a relation and eliminate the rest. More concrete-
Simply put, projection is an operation that, starting from a relation,
obtains a new relation formed by all the (sub)tuples of the relation purchase CPO email lists
starting relationship that result from removing specified attributes.
* That is, =, ≠, <, ≤, >, or ≥.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 43 The relational model and relational algebra
To obtain a relationship that has only the first and last name attributes of the employees of
administration, we can make a projection in the relation EMPLOYEES_ADM on these
two attributes. It would be indicated as follows: EMPLOYEES_ADM [name, surname].
Next we will define the attributes and the extension of the resulting relationship.
much of a projection.
projection example
If we want to obtain a relation R with the name and surname of all the employees of
administration of the example database, we will make the following projection:
R := EMPLOYEES_ADM[first name, last name].
Then, the resulting relation R will be:
5.2.3. Combination
The projection is a unary operation. Being {Ai , Aj, …, A k} a subcon-
along with the attributes of the schema of the relation T, the projection of T
over {A i, Aj , …, Ak} is denoted as T[Ai , A j, …, Ak].
The schema attributes of the resulting relation of T[Ai, Aj, …, Ak]are the attributes {Ai, Aj, …, Ak}.
The extension of the relation resulting from T[Ai , Aj , …, Ak] is the set
to of all tuples of the form <t.Ai, t.A j, …, t.A k>, where it holds
that t is a tuple of the extension of T and where t.Ap denotes the value for
the Ap attribute of tuple t.
R
name last Name
John Garcia
Martha Rock
The combination is an operation that, starting from two relations, obtains
ne a new relation formed by all the tuples that result from con-
string tuples from the first relation with tuples from the second, and that
satisfy a specified join condition.
The join is a binary operation. Being T and S two relations CPO consumer email database
whose schemas have no common attribute name, and being
B a combination condition, the combination of T and S according to the con-
addition B is indicated T[B]S.
Elimination of tuples
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Note that the projection
implicitly remove all
the repeated tuples. The result-
do of a projection is a
valid relationship and cannot buy CPO database for marketing
have repetitions of tuples.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 44 The relational model and relational algebra
To get a relationship that has the data of each one of the administrative employees,
together with the data of the offices where they work, we can make a comparison purchase CPO email lists
combination of the relations EMPLOYEES_ADM and OFFICES, where the condition of
combination indicate the following: buildingdesp = building and numberdesp = number. The condition
The merge function causes the result to only merge the data of one employee with
the data of an office if the office building and the office number of the employee are equal to
building and office number, respectively. That is, the condition makes the
an employee’s data is combined with the data of the office where she works, but not
with data from other offices.
The combination of the previous example would be indicated as follows:
EMPLOYEES_ADM[buildingdesp = building, numberdesp = number] OFFICES.
If you want to combine two relations that have some attribute name co-
common, it is only necessary to previously rename the repeated attributes of a
Of the two.
In general, the condition B of a combination T[B]S is formed by one or
more comparisons of the form
Ai θ Aj ,
where A i is an attribute of the relation T, Aj is an attribute of the relation S, θ is
a comparison operator ( =, ≠, <, ≤, >, ≥), and it is true that Ai and Aj have
the same domain. Comparisons of a join condition are
separated by commas.
Next we define the attributes and the extension of the resulting relation
of a combination.
Combination Example
Let us suppose that we want to find the data of the offices that have a ma-
greater than or equal to the average area of the offices in the building where they are located. The IF-
The following combination will provide us with the data of these dispatches together with the data of
your building (note that the attributes must first be renamed):
BUILDINGS(buildingname,srmediasp) := BUILDINGS_EMP(building,srmediasp),
The schema attributes of the resulting relation of T[B]S are all
two the attributes of T and all the attributes of S*.
The extension of the resulting relation of T[B]S is the set of tu-
plas that belong to the extension of the Cartesian product T × S and that
satisfy all the comparisons that form the combination condition. purchase CPO email lists
nation B. A tuple t satisfies a comparison if, after substituting
each attribute that appears in the comparison by its value in t, the comparison
ration is evaluated to the true value.
* Remember that T and S do not have
no common attribute name.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 45 The relational model and relational algebra
R := BUILDINGS[buildingname = building, supmediadesp ≤ surface] OFFICES.
Then, the resulting relation R will be:
Suppose now that in order to obtain the data of each one of the administrative employees,
tion, together with the data of the office where they work, we use the following combination:
R := EMPLOYEES_ADM[buildingdesp = building, numberdesp = number] OFFICES.
The resulting relation R will be:
The relation R combines the data of each employee with the data of her office.
The combination is sometimes called a θ-combination, and when
all comparisons of the join condition have the operator
“=”, is called an equijoin.
According to this, the combination of the last example is an equijoin.
Note that the result of an equijoin always includes one or CPO email database free
more pairs of attributes that have identical values in all tuples.
In the example above, the values of buildingoff match those of building, and the values of
despnumber match those of number.
Since one of each pair of attributes is superfluous, a
combination variant called natural combination, in order to
remove them.
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Example of natural combination
If we do:
R := BUILDINGS_EMP * OFFICES,
R
buildingname supmediadesp building number area
Navy 15 Navy 230 20
Diagonal 10 Diagonal 120 10
Diagonal 10 Diagonal 440 10
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DNI name surname desp building desp number building surface area number
40,444,255 Juan Garcia Navy 120 Navy 120 10
33,567,711 Marta Roca Navy 120 Navy 120 10
The natural combination of two relations T and S is denoted as T * S
and basically consists of equijoining followed by elimination.
tion of superfluous attributes; In addition, it is considered by default that
the join condition matches all pairs of attributes that
they have the same name in T and in S.
Note that, unlike equicombination, natural combination
tural applies to relationships that have common attribute names.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 46 The relational model and relational algebra
the condition is considered to be building = building because building is the only attribute name
buto that appears both in the EDIFICIOS_EMP scheme and in the OFFICES scheme.
The result of this natural combination is:
Notice that one of the building name attributes has been removed.
Sometimes, before the natural combination it is necessary to apply the operation
rename function to match the names of the attributes that we in-
teresa match buy CPO targeted email list
Example of natural combination with redenomination
For example, if we want to obtain the data of each of the administration employees
together with the data of the office where they work but without repeating values of super-
fluos, we will make the following natural combination, which requires a previous redenomination:
DNI name surname building desp number desp area
40,444,255 Juan Garcia Marina 120 10
33,567,711 Marta Roca Marina 120 10
In many cases, to formulate a query in relational algebra it is
Several operations must be used, which are applied in a certain order.
To do so, there are two possibilities:
1) Use a single algebra expression that includes all the operations
tions with the necessary parentheses to indicate the order of application.
2) Decompose the expression into several steps where each step applies
a single operation and obtain an intermediate relationship that can be used
perform in the subsequent steps.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 47 The relational model and relational algebra
Example of using sequences of operations
To obtain the name and surname of the employees, both administrative and pro-
duction, it is necessary to make a union of EMPLOYEES_ADM and EMPLOYEES_PROD, and then
then make a projection on the first and last name attributes. The operation can be
express in the following ways: CPO email database free
a) A single expression can be used:
R := (EMPLOYEES_ADM ∪ EMPLOYEES_PROD) [first name, last name].
b) Or we can express it in two steps:
• EMPS := EMPLOYEES_ADM ∪ EMPLOYEES_PROD;
• R := EMPS[first name, last name]
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In cases where a query requires many operations to be performed, the result
The second alternative is simpler, because it avoids complex expressions.
Other examples of queries formulated with sequences of operations
Let’s look at some examples of database queries formulated with sequences of operations.
relational algebra rations. buy CPO targeted email list
1) To get the building name and house number offices located in buildings in
where the average area of these offices is greater than 12, we can use the following
sequence of operations:
• A := BUILDINGS_EMP(supmediaoff > 12);
• B := OFFICES * A;
• R := B[building, number]2) Suppose now that you want to get the first and last name of all employees
(both administration and production) who are assigned to office 120 of the building
Marine job. In this case, we can use the following sequence:
• A := EMPLOYEES_ADM ∪ EMPLOYEES_PROD;
• B := A(buildingdesp = Marina and numberdesp = 120);
• R := B[first name, last name].
3) If we want to consult the name of the building and the number of the offices that no
admin employee is assigned, we can use this sequence:
• A := OFFICES [building, number];
• B := EMPLOYEES_ADM[despbuilding,despnumber];
• R := A – B.
4) To obtain the DNI, the name and surname of all the administration employees who
have office, together with the surface of your office, we can do the following:
• A[DNI, name, surname, building, number] := EMPLOYEES_ADM[DNI, name, surname, building,
officedesp, numberdesp];
• B := A * OFFICES;
• R := B[DNI, name, surname, area].
5.4. Extensions: outer joins
To finish the subject of relational algebra, we will analyze some extensions
useful combination.
The combinations that have been described obtain the tuples of the Cartesian-
not of two relations that satisfy a join condition.
It should be noted that tuples that have a null value for any of the attributes
butts contained in the join condition are always lost, because in
In these cases the join condition always evaluates to false.
In some cases, it may be interesting to make combinations of the data from two re-
relationships without loss of data from the starting relationships. Then,
outer joins are used. buy CPO targeted email list
R
DNI emp empname emp surname desp building desp number area
33,567,711 Marta Roca Marina 120 10
55,898,425 Carlos Buendia Diagonal 120 10
77,232,144 Elena Pla Marina 230 20
Outer joins between two relations T and S consist of va-
Combination variants that preserve all tuples in the result
of T, of S or of both relations. They can be of the following types:
1) The left outer join between two relations T and S, which
we denote as T[C]IS, keeps in the result all the tuples of the
T relationship.
2) The right outer join between two relations T and S, which
we denote as T[C] DS, keeps in the result all the tuples of
the s relationship.
3) Finally, the full outer join between two relations T
and S, which we denote as T[C]pS, preserves in the result all tu-
plas of T and all tuples of S.
The combinations have
explained in subsection 5.3.3
of this teaching unit.
FUOC • 71Z799014MO 49 The relational model and relational algebra
These extensions also apply to the case of the natural combination between
two relations, T * S, namely:
a) The left outer natural join between two relations T and S, which
denoted as T *I S, preserves all tuples of relation T in the result.
b) The right outer natural join between two relations T and S, which is
denoted as T *D S, keeps in the result all the tuples of the relation S.
c) Finally, the full outer natural join between two relations T and S,
denoted as T *P S , preserves in the result all tuples of T and all
the tuples of S.
The tuples of a relation T that are preserved in the result R of a combination
external nation with another relation S, even though they do not satisfy the condition
combination, have null values in the R result for all attributes
which come from the relation S.CPO email database free