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Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are increasingly being used within finance, especially in areas like asset management and algorithmsic trading, credit underwriting, or blockchain-based finance, facilitated due to the sheer amount of data as well as the affordability of computing power. Machine-learning (ML) models make use of massive data to improve accuracy and predictability automatically through the use of data and experience and without being programmed by humans.  SBC Global consumer email database

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The application technology such as AI for finance anticipated to provide competitive advantages for banks by enhancing their efficiency by reducing costs and productivity improvement and also improving the quality of products and services that are offered to customers. Additionally, these advantages in competition can be beneficial to consumers of financial services by providing higher-quality and more personalized products, while leveraging data-driven insights to guide the investment strategy and potentially increasing financial inclusion through the assessment of creditworthiness for clients with less credit histories (e.g. small- and medium-sized enterprises with thin files). SBC Global business database

In the same way, AI applications in finance can increase or create the risk of financial and non-financial transactions and create potential investor and financial consumer protection concerns (e.g. as the possibility of unfair, biased or disparate consumer results or data management or usage issues). The inability to justify AI models could result in procyclicality and risk to the system within the financial markets. It also could result in possible conflicts with the existing financial supervision as well as internal governance structures, potentially challenging the neutrality of technology approach to decision-making. While many of the risks of AI in finance aren’t specific to this technology but the implementation of these methods could increase the vulnerability because of the complexity of the strategies employed, their flexibility and the degree of autonomy they possess. SBC Global customers database SBC Global Email Lists

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The report could assist policymakers to evaluate the potential implications of these emerging technology and identify the potential benefits and threats to their usage. It recommends policy solutions can be used to encourage AI innovations in finance and ensure that its use is in line with encouraging stability in the financial system, market integrity and competition, while also protecting the financial consumer. The risks that are emerging from the use of AI methods must be identified and reduced to help and encourage the adoption of responsible AI. Current requirements regarding supervision and regulatory requirements could require clarification and, if necessary, to address certain perceived weaknesses of current agreements with AI applications. SBC Global email database free

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) for finance

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a computer-driven systems with different levels of autonomy, which can be able, based on a set of human-defined goals provide predictions, suggestions or make decisions. AI methods are increasingly utilizing large amounts of other data sources and data analytics , referred to as “big data”. These data feeds are machines learning (ML) models that make use of the data to make decisions as well as improve their predictability, and performance by utilizing experience and data without being programmed by humans.  SBC Global consumer email database

The COVID-19 crisis has increased and intensified the trend towards digitalisation which was previously observed prior to the outbreak and, in particular, using AI. The global investment in AI is predicted to double by between 2020 and 2024, ranging from USD50 billion in 2020, to over USD110 billion by 2024 (IDC 2020[11). A growing AI use in finance, in areas like asset management such as algorithmic trading, credit underwriting , or blockchain-based financial services is facilitated by the abundant supply of information and increased and cheaper computing power. SBC Global business database

The introduction of AI in finance is anticipated to provide competitive advantages for banks by leveraging two major options: (a) by improving efficiency of firms by reducing costs and efficiency improvement, thus increasing profitability (e.g. improved decision-making processes and processes automated execution, benefits from the improvement in the management of risk and back-office compliance and other process optimization) as well as (b) through enhancing the quality of the financial products and services provided to consumers (e.g. new products and services, or high-customisation of the products or services). This competitive advantage could be beneficial to consumers of the financial sector, either by improved quality of products, the variety of options as well as personalisation decreasing their costs. SBC Global Email Lists

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What makes the use of AI in finance important to policy makers?

AI financial applications can cause or increase financial and non-financial risk that could lead to possible financial consumer and investor security issues. The application of AI increases the risk that could impact a financial institution’s security and stability, due to the inability to explain or ability to interpret AI models, which have the potential for procyclicality as well as risks to the system in the market. The complexity of knowing how the model produces results can lead to incompatibilities with the existing financial supervision and internal governance structures, and it could also challenge the policy-making process that is technology neutral. AI can pose specific risks in terms of protection for consumers like the possibility of unfair, biased or discriminatory results for consumers or concerns regarding the management of data and usage. Although many of the risks that come to AI in finance aren’t exclusive to AI but the application of AI could increase the risk of such weaknesses because of the level of complexity of the methods employed as well as the flexibility of AI-based models as well as their autonomy levels for the most sophisticated AI applications.

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Machine Learning, ARTIFICIAL Intelligence and BIG Data in Finance (c) The OECD 2021 SBC Global business database

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Figure 1. Important issues and risks arising from the implementation AI in finance. AI in finance

Governance and Accountability

Model governance arrangements

Lines of accountability and accountability

Models of infrastructure outsourcing

Policy Frameworks

AI complexity poses a challenge to the technology neutral approach (e.g. explanationability, self-learning, dynamic adjustment)

Possible incompatibilities with current legal or reg frameworks

The risk of policy fragmentation (across sectors)

Employment and skills SBC Global quality email

Risks that are not financial (data Fairness, data)

Inequity, bias and results that are discriminatory (inadequate use of data , or inadequate quality data)

Privacy and confidentiality of data SBC Global Email Lists

Explainability

What is the reason and how it produces results?  SBC Global consumer email database

Inability to modify strategies during times of stress

Increase the risk of systemic instability, amplify procyclicality

Incompatible with regulatory/supervisory frameworks and internal governance

Very difficult to oversee AI algorithms and ML models.

Robustness and Resilience

Unintended consequences at the market/firm level

Overfitting, Model drifts (data, concept drifts),

Correlations as causal

Human involvement is crucial.

Source: OECD staff illustration. SBC Global email database free

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What is the impact of AI altering some aspects of financial markets?  SBC Global consumer email database

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AI methods are utilized to asset management and buy-side market for allocation of assets and stock selection using ML models’ capability to recognize signals and to capture the underlying relationships that exist in large data. They also serve to improve operations workflows as well as risk control. The application of AI techniques can be restricted to large institutions or asset managers with the resources and capacity to invest in these techniques.

When utilized in trades, AI adds a layer of complexity to the traditional trading using algorithms, since the algorithms learn from inputs from data and then evolve into computer-programmed algorithms that can identify and then execute trades with no human intervention. In highly digitalized markets such as FX and equity marketplaces, AI algorithms can enhance the management of liquidity as well as execute large orders, with minimal market impactby optimizing length, size, and order size in a dynamic manner dependent upon market trends. The traders can also employ AI to manage risk and to manage order flow to speed up execution and create efficiency. SBC Global quality email

Similar to non-AI models as well as algos, the usage of the similar ML models used in a wide range of finance professionals could result in herding behavior and one-way market, which could pose risks for stability and liquidity of the system, especially in situations of extreme stress. While AI algo trading could enhance liquidity during periods of normality, it could cause convergence, and, as a result, to periods of insolvency during times of stress as well as flash crashes. Market volatility can increase due to massive purchases or sales that are that are executed at the same time, leading to new vulnerability sources. The convergence of trading strategies increases the potential for self-reinforcing feedback loops which could result in abrupt price movements. The convergence of these strategies also increases the likelihood of cyber-attacks because it is easier for cybercriminals to influence other agents operating similarly. These risks are present in every type of trading algorithms, however using AI increases the risk due to their capacity to continuously learn and adapt to changing circumstances in a completely self-sufficient manner. For instance, AI models can identify signals and study the consequences of herding and adjust their behavior and learning to advance upon the first signals. The level of complexity and the difficulty of explaining and replicating the decision-making process of AI models and algorithms make it difficult to manage the dangers. SBC Global Email Lists

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Machine Learning, ARTIFICIAL Intelligence and BIG Data in Finance (c) The OECD 2021

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AI technology could increase the risk of illegal practices in trading that aim to manipulate markets and make it harder for supervisors to spot these practices when collusion between AI models is present. This is because of the dynamic adapting capability of self-learning models as well as deep-learning AI models, since they recognize interdependencies between themselves and change their behavior to match the actions and actions of market participants or AI models, and possibly reach an outcome that is collusive without human intervention, and possibly without the user having any idea.

Figure 2. Effects of AI on business models and activities in the financial sector

Asset Management Credit intermediation

Recognize signals, and capture the the underlying patterns in massive data

Improve operational workflows, improve managing risk

Potentially, alpha-generating

Problems with concentration, competition, and other concerns email marketing database  SBC Global

Convergence of strategies

Reduce underwriting cost, efficiencies SBC Global Email Lists

Credit extension for thin file and clients with no score SBC Global quality email

The financial inclusion of SME funding insufficient

Risques of different impacts on the outcomes of credit

Possibility of discriminatory or unfair loans and biases

Exacerbated by BigTech lending

Blockchain-based finance based on Algo Trading

Increase risk management and improve the management of liquidity

Facilitate the execution of large orders, optimize flow of order

Herding behavior and one-way markets

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Bouts of illiquidity during flash crashes, stress

Market instability and stability

Manipulation of machines, collusion

Augmenting abilities of smart contract (autonomy)

Risk management (e.g. the audit of codes)

Support for DeFi applications, and build of chains that are autonomous SBC Global quality email

‘Garbage in, garbage out’ conundrum

Enhances the risks associated with centralised finance

Source: OECD Staff.

AI models in lending may lower the costs associated with credit-related underwriting as well as facilitate the credit extension process to clients with thin file which could lead to financial inclusion. The application of AI could result in efficiencies in data processing in order to assess of the creditworthiness of potential clients, improve the underwriting process and enhance the loan portfolio management. This can also permit the provision of credit scores to clients who have low credit histories, which can help in financial inclusion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and, potentially, encouraging financial inclusion for people who are not banked. email marketing database  SBC Global

Despite their enormous potential, AI-based algorithms and the use of inaccurate information (e.g. regarding race or gender) in lending could pose the possibility of a disparate impact on results of credit and the potential for bias, discriminatory or unjust lending. As well as inadvertently creating biases or perpetuating them in credit allocation, AI-driven models can make the discrimination in credit allocation more difficult to detect and make the outputs of the model are difficult to understand and communicate to potential customers. This is especially true for credit offered by BigTech which rely on access to huge amounts of customer information, which raises concerns about anti-competitive practices and market dominance in the technological aspect of providing services (e.g. cloud). SBC Global Email Lists

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The application in the use of AI techniques in finance based on blockchain could increase the efficiency potential of DLT-based systems, and enhance potential of smart contract capabilities. AI could increase the reliability of smart contracts, which allows the code that runs them to adjust dynamically in response the market’s conditions. The application in the use of AI for DLT systems also brings or even increases problems that arise in traditional financial products, including the difficulty of understanding AI decision-making systems and the difficulty managing systems and networks that are based on obscure AI models. In the present, AI is mostly being utilized to manage risk for smart contracts, as well as for detection of weaknesses inside the program. It is worth noting however that smart contracts were in existence since before the invention in AI applications and depend on simple software. In the present, the majority of smart contracts utilized in a tangible way are not tied to AI methods and the majority of the benefits that are attributed to the application for AI within DLT systems is still in the realm of speculation at the moment. purchase  SBC Global email lists

Machine Learning, ARTIFICIAL Intelligence and BIG DATA IN Finance (c) The OECD 2021

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In the near future, AI could support decentralised applications of financial decentralisation (‘DeFi’), by automatising credit scoring based upon users’ data on the internet such as investment advisory services and trading using financial data and insurance underwriting. In the future artificial intelligence-based smart contracts which can be self-learning1 and adapt dynamically without human intervention may lead to the creation completely autonomous chains. The application of AI could further facilitate disintermediation, by replacing off-chain third-party sources of information by AI inference directly on the chain. It is important to note however that AI-based systems cannot necessarily solve issues with the garbage in garbage out dilemma as well as the issue of poor quality or insufficient data inputs blockchain-based systems. This is what gives an opportunity for serious risks for investors and market integrity as well as the reliability of the systems according to what size market size. DeFi market. In addition, AI could amplify the many risks that are present with DeFi market, adding more complexity to already challenging to supervise autonomous DeFi networks without a single access points to regulatory oversight or governance structures that permit accountability and the compliance of the oversight frameworks.

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The most important risks and challenges and mitigation options email marketing database  SBC Global

The introduction in the use of AI in finance may increase the risks that exist in the financial sector due to the capacity of AI to adapt and learn to changes in the market in a completely autonomous manner and create new challenges and risk. Risks currently in place are due to the use of data in a non-optimal way and the use of low quality data, which could cause biases and discriminatory outcomes, which ultimately hurt the financial consumer. Risks of concentration and associated problems with competition could arise from the requirements for investment of AI methods, which may result in dependence on only a few major players. Risks to market integrity and compliance may result from the absence of an adequate model governance framework which takes into consideration the unique nature of AI and the absence of clearly defined accountability frameworks. These risks also arise from supervision and oversight mechanisms that might require adjustments to accommodate the new technology. New risks that arise due to the application of AI are related to the unintended implications of AI-based systems and models that ensure stability in markets and market integrity. Significant risks arise from the complexity of understanding how AI-based models produce result (explainability). The increased usage for AI in finance can create a risk of increased interconnectivity in the financial markets, and several operational risks linked to these methods could threaten the stability to the system of finance during times of crisis. purchase  SBC Global email lists

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The use of large data in AI-powered apps could be a major risk to the financial sector that is caused by the challenges and risks relating to the quality of information used, the privacy and security of information cybersecurity as well as fairness concerns. Based on how they are utilized, AI methods have the potential to prevent discrimination based on human interaction or increase biases, unfair treatment and discrimination within financial services. The discrimination and biases that are inherent in AI may result due to the use of poor quality, inadequate or flawed data used in ML models or accidentally through inferences and proxy data (for instance, determining gender based on buying activity data). Alongside the concerns of protecting consumers’ financial interests and competition concerns, there could be problems arising from the use of large information and the ML model which are related to the concentration of market players in certain markets or the risk of collusions with tacit. SBC Global Email Lists

The most commonly acknowledged issue that is faced by ML models is in understanding how and why the model produces results. This is usually described using the term “explainability,” which is associated with several significant risk factors. The large-scale utilization of models that are opaque can cause unintended consequences when users of models and supervisors are unable to anticipate how the decisions made by ML models may negatively impact the market. The deliberate lack of transparency from companies in order to protect their own advantage contributes to the uncertainty of explaining and raises questions about the oversight of AI algorithms and models based on ML, as well as to the capacity of users to alter their strategies when they experience low performance or during situations of pressure.

Incompatibility of explanations is not only not compatible with the existing regulations and laws, but as well as internal governance, control and risk management frameworks that financial services providers use. It hinders the ability to make decisions. email marketing database  SBC Global

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and BIG DATA in Finance (c) The OECD 2021 purchase  SBC Global email lists

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the ability of investors to comprehend the impact of their models on the market or cause disturbances, and could increase systemic risks associated with procyclicality. In addition, the inability of users to modify their strategies during periods of stress can cause increased market volatility and a recurrence of liquidity when there is a high degree of stress, which can trigger flash-crash type events. The problem of explainability is exacerbated by a widening lack of technical literacy and the inconsistency between the complexity typical to AI model and the requirements of human-scale reasoning, interpretation and reasoning that match human cognition. There are regulatory issues in relation to transparency and auditing for these models in various applications of financial services.

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Financial market professionals that use AI-powered models need to keep working to improve the ability of their models to explain in order to understand their behavior during normal market conditions as well as in times of stress and to manage the risks associated with it. There are varying opinions on the degree of explainability that is attained by AI-powered models dependent on the kind of AI employed. A balance has to be found between the accuracy of the model as well as its predictability. The implementation of disclosure requirements regarding using AI-powered systems and models can help ease the burden that arise from explaining as well as provide greater peace of mind and bolster trust for consumers who are using AI-powered services. SBC Global email database free

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Risks that could be posed to AI systems should be continuously monitored and evaluated in order to make sure that AI systems operate in a reliable and durable manner. The resilience of AI systems can be enhanced through careful training and retraining of ML models using datasets that are large enough to be able to detect the non-linear relationship and tail events within the data (including artificial models). Monitoring, testing, and validating AI model models over their lifetimes as well as based on their intended goals is essential to spot and correct “model drifts”2 (concept shifts, or drifts in data) that affect the accuracy of the model’s predictions. Model drifts can occur as tail effects, like the COVID-19 crisis cause discontinuities in the data and are very impossible to eliminate, since they aren’t replicated within the information used to create the model. Human judgement is vital at all times during AI implementation, from the input of data to the evaluation of the model’s outputs. It helps to avoid the danger of misinterpreting the meaningless correlations that are observed from activity patterns as causal relations. Automated control mechanisms or “kill switches’ may also be utilized as a last resort of defense that allows you to stop AI-based systems in the event they fail to work in accordance with their intended function but this is ineffective as it introduces operational risk and ensures insufficient resilience when the existing business system is required shutdown in the event that it is stressed. buy  SBC Global email database

Explicated governance frameworks that define distinct lines of accountability for AI-based systems all the way through their lifespan, from creation to deployment, can enhance existing models’ governance structures. Model governance committees within the internal model or model review boards for financial service providers are charged with establishing models’ governance standards and procedures to build models, as well as documentation and validation at any stage of the model. They are expected to be more prevalent as more firms adopt AI by financial institutions and possibly a ‘upgrading’ in their roles, competences as well as some of the processes required to handle the complexity of the AI models (e.g. the frequency of validation of models). buy  SBC Global targeted email list

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The need for clear accountability mechanisms is increasing important, especially because AI models are being used in highly-valued decision-making scenarios (e.g. the ability to access credit). There are also risks when outsourcing AI techniques to third-party companies with respect to accountability and the dynamics of competition (e.g. concentration risk, risk of dependency). The outsourcing to AI structures or models might cause risks related to the chance of convergence in market positions. This could cause herding behavior and the convergence of trading strategies. There is also the possibility that a large portion of the market could be affected simultaneously which may cause a period of inliquidity during periods of tension.

The non-technological approach used by a variety of jurisdictions to regulate financial markets products is likely to become a challenge due to the growing complexity of some of the most innovative applications that make use of AI within finance. SBC Global Email Lists

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Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and BIG Data IN FINANCE (c) The OECD 2021

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AI techniques (e.g. due to the inability to explain or the re-adapting nature of the deep-learning models). Additionally, there could be a an increased risk of fragmentation in the regulatory landscape related towards AI at the international, national and sectoral levels.

The development of skills to build and manage new risk associated with AI is essential as AI applications become more commonplace in the finance industry. The use of AI in the financial sector could result in substantial job losses throughout the entire industry, leading to challenges in employment.

AI in finance needs to be considered a technology which enhances human abilities rather than replacing them. Combining ‘human’ machines’ in which AI aids human judgment instead of replacing the human judgment (decision-aid rather than decision maker) can allow the benefits of AI to be realized while ensuring accountability and control over the final decision-making process. A proper emphasis should be given to human supremacy in the process of making decisions, particularly when it comes to more valuable applications (e.g. lending decisions).

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Regulators and policy makers play an obligation to ensure that the application in the use of AI within finance will be in line with the regulatory goals of maintaining financial stability, protecting the financial consumer, and promoting competitiveness and market integrity. The policy makers must think about the possibility of supporting AI innovations in the financial sector while protecting financial consumers as well as investors, and encouraging an orderly, fair and transparent markets. New risks arising from the implementation of AI methods must be identified as well as mitigated in order to encourage and support the adoption of ethical AI. The existing requirements for supervision and regulation might need to be clarified and sometimes modified, depending on the need, to resolve some of the perceived contradictions of current agreements with AI applications.

The implementation of supervisory and regulatory guidelines regarding AI methods could be viewed in an appropriate and contextual framework, based on the significance of the technology and its potential impact on outcomes for consumers and the market’s performance. This is likely to increase the application of AI without restraining the development. But, applying proportionality must not jeopardize the most fundamental prudential or stability safeguards, nor safeguarding investors or financial consumers, which are all crucial obligations of policy makers. buy  SBC Global targeted email list

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Policymakers should think about increasing their attention on improved data governance in financial firms, with the aim to increase consumer protections across AI financial applications. Specific specifications and best practices in managing data using AI-based methods might be considered, focusing on the quality of data, the adequateness of the dataset utilized based on the application by an AI model, and security measures that guarantee the reliability of the model in relation to avoiding biases. A proper sense-checking of the model’s results against baseline data and other tests that consider the possibility of protected classes being determined from other attributes of this data is two instances of the best methods to reduce the risk of discrimination. The need for greater transparency regarding how personal information and opt-out choices regarding the use of personal data may be considered by the authorities. SBC Global Email Lists

Policy makers must consider the need to disclose requirements regarding how they use AI methods in the supply of financial services and how they could affect the outcome for customers. Financial customers should be educated about the potential use of AI techniques for the production of a service, and also the possibility of involvement with an AI system rather than an individual human being so that they are able to make informed decisions about other products. Information that is clear about AI’s capabilities and limitations should be provided. AI technology’s strengths and weaknesses must be provided in this information. The introduction of requirements for suitability for financial services based on AI should be considered by regulators to assist firms in determining the degree to which potential customers have a clear understanding of how using AI influences the performance of the service. buy  SBC Global targeted email list

Regulators must consider ways to address the perception that AI is incompatible with lack of clarity in AI with the existing law and regulation. It may be necessary to revise and/or modify the current frameworks used for models of Governance and Risk Management for firms that provide financial services.
to tackle the issues that arise from the application of AI-based models to address these issues. The supervisory focus may be changed from documenting the process of development and the way in the model’s development in its prediction, to the model’s behavior and outcomes. In addition, supervisors might want to investigate more technical methods to manage risks, including stress testing for adversaries to the model or outcomes-based indicators (Gensler and Bailey 2020[2[2]). SBC Global email database free

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Policy makers should look into the necessity of clear model governance frameworks and the assignment of accountability in order to increase trust in AI-driven technology. Extensive governance frameworks that establish clearly defined lines of accountability in the design and supervision of AI-driven systems throughout their entire lifecycle, from creation to deployment, can be drafted by financial service providers to enhance existing procedures for operations that are that are related to AI. The internal model governance frameworks can be modified to better reflect risks that arise due to using AI as well as to reflect the desired results for consumers as well as an evaluation of whether and how these outcomes can be achieved using AI technology. A thorough documentation and audit trail of these processes can aid in the supervision of this activities by supervisors. buy  SBC Global email database

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The increased confidence offered from financial institutions about the reliability and strength of AI models is crucial as policymakers seek to protect against the accumulation of risks to the system, and can help AI financial applications build trust. The effectiveness of models has to be evaluated in the most extreme market conditions to avoid the risk of systemic vulnerabilities and risks that could arise during situations of stress. Automated controlling mechanisms (such such as the kill switch) that issue alarms or turn off models during times of stress can help in limiting risks, however they can expose the firm to risks that could be new to operations. Backup plans, models and processes must be implemented to ensure continuity of operations in the event that models fail or react with unexpected consequences. Additionally, regulators may look at adding buffers or minimum buffers for banks if they were to establish capital weights or risk using AI algorithmic models (Gensler and Bailey 2020[22). buy  SBC Global database for marketing

Frameworks that allow for proper training, retraining, and thorough tests of AI models can be developed or reinforced to ensure ML model-based decision-making functions exactly as it was intended and is in line with all applicable laws and regulations. The data used to train models must be sufficient to record non-linear relations and tail-related events in this data set, regardless of whether it is it is synthetic in order to improve the reliability of models during times of uncertainty and emergencies. Continuous testing of models based on ML is essential to find and correct models that drift.
Regulators must consider promoting regular monitoring and verification of AI models that are essential to their security, and are one of the most efficient methods to increase the resilience of models to prevent and correct models that drift. Standardised practices for monitoring and validation can help in increasing the strength of the model and determine if the model requires modification, redevelopment, or replacement. Validation of models, as well as the required approvals and sign-offs should be separate from the design of the model, and recorded as accurately as is possible for the purpose of supervision. The timeframe for tests and validations would have be determined according to the appropriate criteria, based on the level of complexity of the model as well as the significance of the decisions taken by this model. buy  SBC Global database for marketing

This is especially evident in Europe in which a significant number of organizations are actively contributing to AI{robotics interaction. For instance, of 260 members of the Euron net-work, about three percent are involved in research on robotics’ decision making or cognitive tasks. The same ratio is observed for robotics-related projects in the FP6 and 7 (around 100). There are many other European groups that aren’t included in Euron and also projects that are not part of EU programmes are equally valuable in this AI as well as Robotics synergy. This narrow view of robotics’ deliberative capabilities is not able to give a full respect to all European participants in this synergy. It does highlight a few contributions of a handful of groups across Europe.2 The goal is not to provide a comprehensive overview of deliberation concerns or even the AI{interplay between robotics and AI. In the context of the lim- SBC Global Email Lists

the scope of this particular subject We propose a syn-thetic perspective on the deliberation functions. We address the most significant issues associated with their design and provide a number of strategies to address these issues. The “tour de horizon” lets us advocate for a broad, integrative conception of deliberation. the issues are not confined to planning, and go beyond the open loop trigger of commands during performing. Through this perspective, we hope to {strengthen the AIenhance AI’sthe synergies between obotics.  SBC Global business email database free download

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The basic outline of the paper reads as following: ve deliberation tasks are presented in the next section. They are then solved through illustration contributions and section 8 is devoted to problems in architecture, which is then which is then followed by an end. buy  SBC Global email database

2. The role of deliberation in robotics

Deliberation is the term used to describe purposefully selected or planned actions executed to accomplish a certain goal. A lot of robotics-related applications do not require deliberation abilities, e.g., xed buy  SBC Global database for marketing

There are a variety of functions that can be needed for deliberative action. The boundaries between these functions could depend on specific implementations and ar-chitectures. However, it is important to differentiate the different ve deliberation tasks which are schematically represented in Figure 1.

Planning: blends prediction and search to create the trajectory of an abstract space of action by using prescriptive models of actions that are feasible and the environment.

Acting: Implements on-line close-loop feedback functions that process sensors’ streams that send commands to actuators to enable re ne and monitor the execution of the planned actions. SBC Global Email Lists

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Perceiving: extracts features of the environment to identify the state of affairs, events as well as situations that are relevant to the job. It blends bottom-up sensing from sensors to relevant information, along with top-down focused mechanisms as well as the planning of gathering information in-formation.

Monitoring: analyzes and detects differences between observations and predictions Performs diagnosis and initiates actions to recover.

Goal reasoning: helps keep the current commitments and goals in perspective, assessing their value in light of observed changes and opportunities, constraints, or failures, and deciding on commitments that should be canceled and goals that need to be reviewed. buy  SBC Global database for marketing

The deliberation functions are interconnected within an intricate structure (not illustrated in Fig. 1.) which will be described in the following sections. They interface to the external environment by the robot’s platform functions, i.e. devices having actuating and sensing capabilities, which include signal processing and low-level controlling functions. The line between sensor-motor functions and deliberation functions is contingent upon how diverse the environment and the task. For instance, control of motion on a predefined path is generally a function on a platform however, navigation to any destination will require a number of deliberation abilities, which include the planning of a path and collision avoidance, localization and so on.

Learning capabilities alter the boundaries of learning, e.g., in an environment that is familiar, the ability to navigate is built into a control at a low level with stored parameters. Metareasoning is necessary to trade deliberation time to action time crucial tasks require an attentive deliberation process, while less urgent or less critical ones do not require or require more than quick estimates, at the very least to allow for a rapid reaction. SBC Global business email database free download

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3. Planning

Over the past few decades the field of automated planning has made huge advancements, such as speed increase of just a several orders of magnitude the efficiency of Strips-like classic planning, and many extensions to representations and advancements in algorithms for probabilistic as well as other non-classical plans [35]. Robotics is a particular area of automated planning, like managing resources and time, or dealing with uncertainty or incomplete knowledge as well as open domains. Robots performing a variety tasks require domain specific c and task planners with independent domains and whose proper integration is an issue. SBC Global email id list

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Planning for motion and manipulation are essential capabilities for robots, and require special representations of dynamic, kinematics and geometry. Probabilistic Roadmaps and Rapid Random Trees are well developed and well-established methods for motion planners which can be scaled up efficiently and permit for a variety of variations [61]. The fundamental idea is to randomly analyze the con guration space for the robotic (i.e. it’s vector spaces of Kinematics parameters) into a graph , where every vertex is a completely liberated con gura-tion (away from obstructions) and each edge is a directly linked point in area between con gurations. Congurations for goal and initial con gurations are added to the graph, from which it is determined a path. The path is then changed into a smooth path. Manipulation planning is the process of finding viable sequences of grasping and grabbing positions, each of which acts as an in-part constraint on the robot’s conguration, which alters its kinematics. Other open issues remain in the field of motion and manipulative planning like stability and dynamics constraints, e.g. for humanoid robots [46], or for visibility limitations to enable visual control [14for servoing with visuals [14. buy  SBC Global database for marketing

Motion/manipulation planning and task planning are merged in various research. The Asymov planner (12) combines an state-space planner as well as an exploration of the space of motion conguration. It is a planner of places that are both states and also sets of con gurations free. The places bridge both search space. The state-space search shaves off states whose corresponding set of congurations that are free do not meet the cur-rent accessibility requirements. Asymov has been attributed to manipulation planning and multi-
Robotic is able to plan collaborative tasks, for example, two robots putting together the table. SBC Global Email Lists

The combination of motion and task-planning is also discussed in [96] using Angelic Hierarchical Planning (AHP). AHP can plan over sets of states , using the notion of a reachable range of possible states. The sets aren’t exact, but they are bound, e.g., by subsets and supersets or an upper and lower bound function of cost. A high-level action can be characterized by a number of possible ways of decomposing into basic units. A high-level plan can be transformed into the result of all possible decompositions that it has of its actions. A plan is accepted in the event that it contains at least one decomposition that is feasible. If a plan is in place the robot will choose the most feasible decomposing option for each high-level event (AHP means an an-gelic semantics behind nondeterminism). The bounds that define the states that are reachable can be generated by simulation of basic concepts, including manipulator and motion planning in the case of random numbers of state variables.

A divergent connection to a hierarchical planner to geometric suggesters that are fast is described by [45]. These suggesters are activated when the search within the decomposition tree needs geometric information. They don’t solve the problem of geometry however they do give information that allows the search to go down into the branches in the tree. The system is able to alternate between planning phases as well as the execution of primitives. This includes motion or manipulation. Online planning allows you to run motion or manipulator planners (not suggesters) in fully understood states. The method assumes that the geometric conditions of the abstract actions are efficiently and quickly calculated by the suggesters and that the sub-goals that result from the decomposition process are carried out in a sequential manner (no Parallelism). The resultant system isn’t completely. In the event of failure, actions must be reversible at a reasonable price. In the event that these requirements are satisfied the system can be used to rapidly produce the correct plan. SBC Global database for sale

4.1. {ProcedureApproaches based on procedure

In procedures-based methods, action re ne-ment is performed using handwritten abilities. For RAP, every procedure is accountable for reaching a particular purpose, which corresponds to an action planned. Deliberation determines the best procedure to meet the current situation. The system is committed to the achievement of a goal and then tries a different method if one is unsuccessful. The method was later expanded using AP 7 [7], which incorporated Prodigy, the planning system that was developed in 1992 and generating RAP-related procedures.

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PRS [42is an action re monitoring system and monitor. Similar to RAP, procedures outline the necessary skills to reach objectives or react to specific events or observations. The system sets the goals and attempts to find alternative methods in the event that one fails. PRS is based on a database that describes the world. It permits con-current execution of procedures and multi-threading. A few planning features are now available in PRS to predict pathways that may lead to execution failure. PRS can be used on a variety of robots to send commands e.g. via GenoM functional modules [4343. SBC Global database for sale

Cypress [94] resulted from the fusion of with the planner Sipe and PRS. Cypress utilizes a uniform EED representation of planning operators and PRS capabilities that was extended in the Continuous Planning and Execu-tion Framework (CPEF) [75]. CPEF comprises a number of different components to manage and repair plans. The system has been used for the purpose of military mission planning and execution. SBC Global Email Lists

TCA [88] was originally designed to manage the execution and planning of concurrent tasks. It offers a hierarchical task decomposition frameworkwith explicit time constraints that allow tasks to synchro-nize. The planning process is based on task decomposition. It is primarily focused on geometrical and motion planning (e.g. gait planning and footfall planning to Ambler robot). Ambler robotic). It is called the Task De nition Language (TDL) [89extends TCA by offering a variety of synchronization strategies between tasks. It focuses on the execution of tasks as well as relying on system such as Aspen/Casper for planning.  SBC Global business email database free download

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(RPL). In contrast to the previous methods, this one explores the plan space, changing the original RPL using simulation and probabilities of outcomes. It will replace the current plan on the y in case it is replaced by a plan that is better suited to the present situation is discovered. The approach has evolved towards structured Reactive Controllers (SRC) and Structure Reactive Plan (SRP) [3however, it retains the XFRM technique to plan by using transformation rules for SRP. It is currently being used on various service robots in the Technical University of Munich. SBC Global email id list

Most procedure-based approaches focus on the Re nement and Instantiation/Propagation func-tions of an acting system. XFRM proposes a method of plan repair within the plan space that takes into account the probability of outcomes, and TDL is a mechanism for synchronizing between commands and skills. All the skills that are used in these programs are hand-written with a formalization that is sometimes which is shared by the designer (e.g. for instance, in Cypress as well as TCA) however, they do not have any consistency-checking. The handwritten skills correspond to robot commands, however, XFRM is the only exception where they are able to be converted online.

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4.2. {AutomataAutomataased techniques

It’s quite natural to represent an abstract event as a computer program whose I/O is the sensory motor signal and the commands. PLEXIL is a language used for execution of plans provides an example of a representation when the user defines a node as a computational abstraction (93). It was designed to be used in space applications and in conjunction with various plan-ners, including CASPER However, it remains rather generic and extensible. Nodes can track events, run commands, as well as assign values to variables. It could be linked to the list of lower level nodes. Like TDL, PLEXIL execution of nodes is controlled by several restrictions (start and end) as well as safeguards (invariant) and other conditions. PLEXIL remains concentrated on the execution. However, in the case of the plan it has created it doesn’t communicate with the planner. SBC Global database for sale

SMACH, which is the ROS execution software, utilizes an automated approach [6]. The user can provide an array of hierarchical automata, whose nodes correspond to the elements of the robot and the state that they are. Its global status is related to the common state of all the components. ROS acts, provides services, and subjects (i.e. mon-
Itoring state variables) are linked to au-tomata states and based on their values the execution will proceed to the next state that is appropriate. A unique feature of Automata-based approaches is that the acting component is aware of precisely what state the execution occurs and this makes it much easier to implement for the monitor function. SBC Global Email Lists

Automata-based techniques concentrate on the coor-dination feature. They can also be used for re ne-ment and instantiation/propagation. Models are handwritten. But, the fundamental structure allows for possibly an au-tomata checkers.

4.3. {LogicApproaches based on logic

A few approaches attempt to break through the tedious engi-neering limitation of precise hand-specications of skills through the use of logic inference techniques to extend higher-level specifications. The most common examples include those using the Temporal Action Logic (TAL) approach (to which we’ll get back in the section 5.) and the approach based on situation calculus. The latter is described within GOLEX [37] as an execution system for that is the GOLOG planner. SBC Global database for sale

Within GOLOG and GOLEX, the user can specifies respec-tively the planning and acting knowledge using the sit-uation calculus representation. GOLEX offers Prolog”exec” clauses that clearly de which sequence that a robot is required to perform. It also has monitoring capabilities to verify the effectiveness of the actions that were executed. GOLEX executes the plan created by GOLOG however, even though both systems rely on similar logic programming representation but they are totally separate which limits the interleaving of execution and planning.

The Logic-based approaches provides re nement and instantiation/propagation functions. However, their primary emphasis is the logical speci condensation of the abilities, and the ability to verify and validate their models. The TAL (see the section 5.) is also a time management.

4.4. CSP{ased-approaches

The majority of robotics applications need explicit time for handling durative actions, synchronization and concurrency with events that are exogenous and robots, as well as with absolute time. Different methods

manage explicit representations of time by expanding state-based representations by using the ability to perform durative actions (e.g., RPG, LPG, LAMA, TGP, VHPOP, Crickey). A few of them handle concurrency, and in the COLIN case even change that is linear. However temporal planners based on time-lines i.e. partially speci the evolution of state variables over time have more expressiveness and are flexible in the integration of planning and action as compared to the conventional extension of state-based planners. The elements that they represent include: SBC Global address lists

temporal primitives: point intervals (tokens) and state variables that could be defined, e.g., po-sition(object32) and rigid relationships, e.g., con-

nected(loc3, room5),

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Temporal limitations: Allen interval relations or Simple Temporal Networks over time-points,

Atemporal constraints on the values as well as param-

State-variables are the state variables that can be used to determine.

The beginning values, anticipated outcomes and objectives are represented in this way in a non-detailed trajectory i.e. certain changes to the state variables must be considered by the planner by taking actions. These are examples of op-erators in which the preconditions and e ects are similarly described by time-lines and constraint. SBC Global address lists

The planning process is carried out in the plan-space , by detecting the aws, i.e., unexplained variations and inconsistencies that could be a cause, and then fixing them with additional decisions and restrictions. It makes use of various algorithms, constraint propagation along with back-track methods. It generates partially specific plans that do not have more aw , but they still have non-instantiated temporal and variable variables that are atemporal. This approach of least commitment offers many advantages that allow you to adjust the system of acting to the varying requirements in the context of execution. SBC Global Email Lists

The acting system operates as the planner, by propagating execution constraints, which include variables that are observable, but not controllable (e.g. the time to finish of an action). Like any CSP Consis-tency, it does not assure that all variables that could be used value are compatible. Therefore, the system continuously checks the validity of the plan, and propagating new constraints and initiating repairs to the plan when required. Particular attention should be paid to the observed variations that are uncontrollable-  SBC Global business email database free download

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4.5. {StochasticStochasticased approaches SBC Global email id list

The classic structure that is based on Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) provides an attractive method of integrating the act and planning. It naturally makes use of probabilistic the ects, and also provides the necessary policies, i.e., universal plans that can be applied all over the world. The procedure for the execution of a plan is a simple loop: (i) ob-serve current state, and then (ii) apply the appropriate action. It is also possible to extend it to partially observed systems (POMDP) as described within the Pearl system from [79The Pearl system of [79. This framework is effective in the event that it is possible to define the space of state, along with its probability and cost parameters is fully acquired and interpreted in the case of POMDPs, but, for all other systems they are of a small size.4 But, the majority of deliberation issues in robotics do not permit explicit enumeration of their state space which means that they are not able to create universal strategy. Fortunately, the majority of these issues are focussed on achieving the desired goal, starting from an initial state that is s0. Hierar-chical and factorized representations for MDPs (see [9)), in conjunction with heuristic algorithms for Stochastic Shortest Path (SSP) problems [65], is a promising per-spective to making use of efficiently stochastic representations when executing deliberate actions. SBC Global address lists

SSP problems are based on partial policy, which are which are closed in the initial state that is s0 (i.e. de-ned on the states that are reachable from s0) and ending at goals states. They are generalized to graphs of And/Or classic problem of path searching. Large implicit search areas, based on limited models (few appropriate actions SBC Global Email Lists

for each state, a only a few nondeterministic e ects for each application (including certain actions) A sig-ni cant scales up in comparison to traditional dy-namic programming techniques can be achieved using the use of heuristics and sampling techniques (65for example].

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Most search algorithms that use heuristics for SSPs are constructed around a two-step Find&Revise general framework: (i) Find an unsolved state in the success-sors of the s0 according to current policies and (ii) revise the value that s is estimated to be in relation to its best current decision (with the known as Bellman updating). A state is resolved when the optimal (or the most effective) policy for achieving the goal from s has been discovered. This framework can be created in a variety of different ways. e.g., SBC Global address lists

with a best-rst search. This is the terms AO* LAO*, AO* with their multiple extensions (ILAO*, BLO*, and RLAO*.)

using a depth-rst iterative deepening search as in LDFS

by taking a stroll around the current grouchy pol-icy as is the case in RTDP, LRTDP and their extensions (BRTDP, FRTDP, SRTDP and so on.)

These algorithms are based on the SSP problem that has a correct policy that is closed for the state s0 (i.e. the one that can reach a goal state starting from s0 with a high probability 1) each policy that is not properly implemented comes at a cost of nil. An extension of this assumption and permits to find an approach that increases the likelihood of achieving a goal which is an extremely valuable and desirable requirement [52]. Other aspects, such as dead-ends (states where it is impossible to achieve an objective) must be considered particularly in crucial areas.
Search algorithms that use heuristics are used in SSPs can be more flexible over dynamic techniques used for MDP planning, however they are not able to handle vast domains that have many state variables as long as these domains are properly designed and broken down. Even a solution-based to such a problem could be that is large enough to make its enumeration and memorization difficult for current methods. However, such a plan includes a variety of states with very low probability , which will most likely never be explored. A variety of sampling and ap-proximation techniques are promising alternatives to increase the probability of planning. SBC Global email database providers SBC Global Email Lists

Of these methods, determinization technology-niques transform non-deterministic action into certain one (the ones that are most likely, or the possibilities) Then, it decides deterministically based on these actions, either online or using o ine. To give an example an example, RFF planner RFF planner 90 creates an initial deterministic plan and then considers an undefined fringe state on a non-deterministic portion of that plan. If the probability to get there is greater than a certain threshold it expands the plan by establishing the deterministic pathway towards a destination or the already resolved state.

Similar ideas are formulated in the field of sampling approaches. One of their benefits is the ability to work without an a priori estimate of the prob-ability distributions in the domain, so long as the sample is taken from the identical distributions. Limits on approximation quality and the complexity for the research have been established using a high degree of accuracy. SBC Global email database free download

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Results based on different variations of algorithms like LRTDP results from various extensions of algorithms such as LRTDP and UCT , e.g. [49,11,51].

While MDPs are frequently employed in robotics on a sensory motor level, particularly with re-inforcement-based learning strategies, SSP techniques are not so widely distributed on the deliberative planning or acting level. They are mostly focused related to navigation issues, e.g., the RESSAC system [91for example]. In sparsely nondeterministic domains, where the majority of actions are predictable however, a small percentage is probabilistic, the technique called MCP [64] transforms using deterministic planning to turn a massive problem into a smaller MDP. It has been tested using a simu-lated multi-robot navigation problem. buy  SBC Global database online

In the final section, we will discuss promising heterogeneous methods that use deterministic task planning as well as SSP techniques are used to make the choice of the optimal ability to re-invent an action in the current context. An example is provided by the ROBEL system [71] that has an horizon control that recedes.

5. Monitoring

Monitoring is responsible of (i) finding discrepancies between predictions and Ob-servations, (ii) classifying these divergences and

getting back from these. Monitoring must at a minimum check the planner’s forecasts that are in line with that plan. It could also be required to track predictions made while planning steps are transformed into commands and skills, and also to observe conditions that are relevant to the current mission. These are not explicitly mentioned when planning or re-nement actions. For instance, how well calibrated are the sensors of the robot and how full are the batteries. SBC Global email database providers

While monitoring functions are distinct from actions re nement as well as controls, they are in most instances, the two functions are executed through the same method using the same representation. For instance, the earliest Planex [25] implements simple monitoring by using the iterative calculation of the active kernel of the triangle table. In the majority of procedures-based systems, you will find PRS, RAP, ACT or TCA structures that perform certain monitoring functions. However, the diagnosis and re-covery features in such systems are typically limited and performed ad hoc.
Recovery and diagnosis are essential in applications like the DS1 probe that is the reason why FDIR is a complete monitoring system, was created [74It is an advanced monitoring system. The spacecraft is modelled as a neo-grained collection of parts, e.g., a thrust valve. Every component can be described as graphs where the nodes represent the typical operating states or failure states of the component. Edges represent commands or exogenous failures of transitions. The dynamic of each component is constrained to ensure that at any given time, only one normal transi-tion is in effect however, zero or more failure transitions can be made. Models of every component are com-positionally assemble into a model that permits simultaneous transitions that are compatible with preconditions and constraints. The model is then compiled into the temporal propositional logic formula which is analyzed using an solver. Two query methods are utilized: (i) diagnosis, i.e. and the likely transitions that are consistent with the

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observed data as well as (ii) the recovery mode, i.e., nd low cost commands that return the system to its initial state. This method has been proven to be effective for spacecrafts. But, it’s particular to the situations in which monitoring is specific to the robot rather than the surrounding and when reliability is a critical design concern that can be addressed with redundant components, allowing for advanced diagnosis and recuperation actions. It could be used as a ro-bust proprioceptive monitor method. It is unclear how it will handle the environment issues, e.g., a service robot that fails to open doors. SBC Global Email Lists

Other monitoring systems for robotics are examined in the [78] report and classified into three categories: an-alytical approaches, data-driven methods and knowledge-based methods. The first depend on models of planning and acting like those mentioned above, as well as models of control theory and the use of ltering methods for low-level monitoring. Data-driven methods depend on clustering techniques based on statistical analysis for analysing training data of normal and failed instances, as well as patterns recognition techniques to detect problems. Knowledge-based methods make use of specific knowledge in diverse representations (rules chronicles, rules and neural nets, for example. ) that are either created or acquired to aid in monitoring and diagnosing. The classification of over 90 different contributions to monitoring in robotics was derived by the field of control in industrial processes, in which Monitoring is a well-studied topic. However, the relationship of Monitoring, planning, and Act-ing was not the main focus in the survey of contributions. SBC Global email database providers

This relationship is explored in [29on the ba-sis of invariants of the plan. A number of authors have synthesized
states-reachability parameters that are larger than invariants, differ from the standard state-reachability conditions for planning domains, called invariants. They differ from. Invariants allow for a clear focus and speed-up of scheduling algorithms, e.g., [84,5]. Further,

The proposed model addresses extended planning issues, in which the specifics of the planning operators are formulated through logical formulas that define invariant conditions that need to be observed during the implementation of an action plan. In reality, planning operators as well as extended variables are distinct sources that need to be described and modelled clearly. Extended invariants are utilized to track the execution of the plan. They can detect unattainable actions prior to the planned execution time or vio-lated sequences of action

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following their successful completion. Additionally, extended invariants enable the monitoring of e ects arising from external events and other conditions not affected through the robotic. But, this method requires total sensing and a perfect observation. There is no empirical assessment conducted. SBC Global email database free download

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In the same vein the concept of [24] was evaluated on a basic o delivery robot. It relies upon a logic-based model an environment that is dynamic using the calculus uent [86]. Actions are described using normal and abnormal preconditions. The former are typical conditions. They are regarded by the planner by default, and they serve as an reason by the monitoring in the case of failure. E.g. the delivery of an object to an individual could fail due to an unusual precondition of the object not being delivered or the person not being easily traceable. In the same way, unusual e-ects are identified. Discordances between expectations and observations are dealt with by a prioritization non-monotonic default algorithm, which produces explanations that are ranked according to the relative probabilities. This system manages imperfect world models and observation updates that are performed in the process of acting or upon de-mand by the monitoring system via specific c-sensory actions. buy  SBC Global database online
The concept of using extended logic logical specifications to plan and Monitoring is being explored by other authors in different contexts. The intriguing approach in [8] makes use of domain knowledge that is expressed using description logic, to determine expectations for the elements of an action within a plan, which can be monitored throughout the course of execution. An interesting variation is described in [60] to illustrate an architecture that is hybrid, combining the behavior-based reactive control and the capabilities of model-based deliberation. Each cycle, it is possible to con- SBC Global Email Lists

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The current active behaviors are integrated to create low-level controls. On a higher scale the robot’s properties and actions are described with Linear Tempo-ral Logic (LTL). LTL formulas provide correctness declarations as well as execution progress indicators, as well as the goals. A record of the robot’s execution, as observed or forecast during planning time and then checked in a series of steps for compliance and violation of LTL formula. A delayed progression method analyzes at every stage the formula set that is pending. It returns the formula set which must be satisfactorily of by the remaining trace. This same approach is used to plan (with an additional mod-els for operators and some sort of search mechanism) as well as for monitoring. The technique has been tried using indoor navigation tasks, using robots operating the Saphira ar-chitecture system [5454. buy  SBC Global database online

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A comprehensive and seamless monitoring system that integrates Monitoring with Planning and Acting can be seen by the method employed within the Witas project [2121. This system is a complicated Planning Acting, Monitoring and Planning architecture built into autonomous UAVs. It’s been demonstrated on the field of surveillance as well as rescue operations. Planning is based on TALplanner [58 forward chaining planner utilizing it’s Temporal Action Logics(TAL) formalism to specify planners and domain experts. Specification for global dependencies, constraints along with operator models and search suggestions are utilized by the planner to regulate and limit the search. They are also used to generate a monitoring formulas based on the model for each operator and the overall program, e.g., constraints on the duration of causal connections. The automated synthesis of the monitoring formulas isn’t systematic however, it is rather selective, using hand-programmed parameters of what has to be monitored and what isn’t. Alongside the domain knowledge of planning additional monitoring formulas are also defined within the highly dynamic temporal logic SBC Global email database free download.