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AXA, for example, launched Kamet, a €100 million InsurTech incubator29, while Allianz France has invested in SmartAngels30, a crowdfunding specialist that uses blockchain technology to keep records of securities issued by companies raising funds on its platform.

Governance and maintenance challenges Netscape database for sale

Although the technology and the definition of specific algorithms (which transform rules and principles into actions) can help set up a certain type of “decentralised” structure, there is still a need to define, put in place and maintain over time a specific governance and management model

– a new way of making decisions, approaching an organisation’s strategy, defining a community’s goals, or determining a company’s values. Increased dependence on such rules brings with it specific risks. Netscape business email database free download

A semi-private blockchain needs a clearly defined governance structure, including resources that can be pooled to ensure that this structure will be respected over time. Maintenance requirements also need to be planned for. Netscape Email Lists  

Deployment on a public blockchain allows governance issues to be bypassed but results in exposure to operational risks such as sudden obsolescence due to a change in the blockchain or the project being abandoned due to a loss of interest among users in the blockchain selected.

An evolving legal environment

Although the blockchain is likely to require changes to the applicable legal environment, blockchain participants today are nevertheless bound by existing rules depending on the application in question. As is often the case with innovative technology, existing legal principles provide a framework for its use, despite the lack of any specific laws and regulations. The absence of specific provisions regarding a new technology does not therefore constitute a legal vacuum. Netscape business email database free download

In France, a legal definition of the blockchain was recently included in Ministerial Order no. 2016-520 of 28 April 2016 on certificates of deposit. This Order amends Article L 223-12 of the French Monetary and Financial Code, which surreptitiously defines the blockchain as a shared electronic recording system allowing for the validation of specific transactions in securities to be exchanged on crowdfunding platforms (“mini-bonds”). Article L.223-13 states that

“the transfer of ownership of the mini-bonds results from the input of the sale in the shared electronic recording system referred to in Article L.223-12, which replaces a written contract for the purposes of Articles 1321 and 1322 of the French Civil Code”. Recording the issuance of mini-bonds on the blockchain is deemed to constitute a written contract Netscape business email database free download

– said written contract being required if the transaction is not to be void – and is therefore binding on third parties. Netscape Email Lists  

“We need to be wary of the term ‘legal vacuum’ when talking about the blockchain, because even though no specific regulations have been introduced for the technology, there are legal principles that, in the initial phase, facilitate innovation and the development of new applications. So the blockchain

– like all new technologies

– exists within a legal framework. In fact, the consensus protocols established to organise blockchain governance already constitute an agreement between parties. Rather, we should speak of change. The real difficulties lie in the need to (i) establish new classifications and apply an appropriate legal framework to the technology in order not to limit its possible

applications, and (ii) take into account the international dimension.” Netscape database for sale

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Legal issues arise particularly when considering the legal validity of smart contracts, which represent the decentralised automated function of the blockchain. The term is misleading, since smart contracts are not contracts so much as IT protocols that trigger the automatic execution of contractual conditions previously set by the parties. In theory, nothing prevents the agreement contained in smart contracts constituting a written contract between the parties, provided that it meets the conditions required for the establishment of an electronic contract. Specifically, this means encoding the steps that provide evidence of acceptance of a given offer and ensuring that the parties are clearly identified, so that the contract is legally valid. However, difficulties arise regarding the very nature of the technology, which is rooted in immutability. For example, how would smart contracts manage contingencies during execution? Netscape database for sale

Consensus protocols aimed at organising blockchain governance already in themselves represent an agreement between parties. These rules structuring how the blockchain should be used and managed nevertheless have the undesired effect of remaining concentrated in the hands of the encoders, while the blockchain’s participants are merely asked to accept them. Netscape email database free download

A series of internationally standardised technical rules could help facilitate transactions in view of the diversity of the geographical regions and parties using smart contracts.

The international dimension of the blockchain may also require international transfers of personal data, with participants being bound by a specific law. Netscape Email Lists  

A consensus protocol governing the use of participants’ personal data is therefore essential to guarantee the rights of those concerned and to ensure system security.

Since they appear on a ledger shared across the globe, the information recorded on a blockchain may be consulted in countries with no data protection laws. However, under the European Regulation on Data Protection (Regulation EU 2016/679 with immediate effect as from 25 May 2018), personal data may not be transferred to countries that fail to offer adequate data protection, subject to administrative fines of up to €20 million, or in the case of companies, of up to 4% of their global annual revenues for the previous year. Netscape email database free download

The technical characteristics of public blockchains can also present sticking points in terms of rights to information, access, modification or erasure (right to deindexation or right to be forgotten) of those concerned by the data processed. Blockchain consensus protocols would also need to include a mechanism for obtaining prior consent from the parties concerned.

The launch of “The DAO” (Decentralized Autonomous Organisation) perfectly illustrates the immutable nature of public blockchains. The DAO is a type of decentralised investment fund that functions in a horizontal manner. Participants initially invest to build up the fund. Subsequently, other participants together assess the viability of the projects submitted and decide whether or not to finance them.

In June, a participant managed to exploit a known flaw in the blockchain’s original code to siphon off the funds held by the decentralised organisation (at the time, the amount stolen represented more than 3% of all Ethers on the market). This smart contract was supposed to be public and immutable, and accordingly managed with no human input.

Note: In thinking about this incident, it is important to bear in mind that the problem was not with the Ethereum blockchain itself but with the algorithms underlying the DAO platform. Netscape database for sale

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This incident gave rise to lively discussions, particularly regarding blockchain immutability and the potential legal validity of the IT code underpinning the DAO project. On one hand, part of the Ethereum community supported a “code is law”-type solution, considering the transaction carried out without The DAO’s knowledge “legitimate” since it followed the predefined rules. On the other, many supporters of a solution more in keeping with the “spirit of the contract” considered that the code had no legal value and that therefore the hacker’s actions, reflecting unlawful use of the blockchain, should be cancelled in order to allow the shareholders of The DAO to recover their investments. This solution implied backtracking to the block containing the disputed transaction (the transfer of funds by the hacker to his or her address) and the creation of a new block (to replace the former block) transferring the funds to an address where investors could only withdraw their investments in exchange for their DAO tokens (tokens representing their shares in The DAO). Netscape database for sale

This solution, widely reported in the media, led to a “hard fork” in the Ethereum blockchain. When the Ethereum foundation intervened to replace the old block with the new block and new rules, participants had two possibilities:

To validate the new block with the new rules.

To reject the new block and continue to accept blocks based on the previous system. Netscape Email Lists  

Two parallel chains were created, similar to a fork. What is interesting is that the hard fork solution activated in July 2016 gave rise to two blockchains that still exist today, even though most experts believed only one of the chains could survive.

On one side, the “Ethereum” (ETH cryptocurrency) blockchain was created when part of the community followed the block put in place by the Ethereum foundation, allowing The DAO investors to recover their Ethers, Ethereum’s cryptocurrency. Netscape email database free download

On the other side, the “Ethereum Classic” blockchain represents the other part of the community, which rejected the proposed new rules.

What can be learned from this incident is that a blockchain operates on a consensus basis. Although the hard fork incident led to a breakdown in the consensus, most other decisions are consensus-based. In November 2016 for example, “Spurious Dragon”, a fourth hard fork on the Ethereum blockchain, was implemented in a response to DoS attacks on the Ethereum network. The previous hard fork known as “Tangerine Whistle” addressed urgent network health issues concerning the execution of operating codes.

This hard fork was deployed without any problems and the resulting new chain became the “reference” blockchain.

It is likely that thoughts about the legal environment will be influenced by cryptofinance centres of expertise such as the one being built in the Canton of Zug near Zurich. Zug is looking to reinvent itself as “Crypto Valley” and attract future start-ups in this new industry. In May 2014, Johann Gevers, founder of Monetas (a universal smart contracting platform) chose Zug as the location for the Digital Finance Compliance Association (DFCA), an initiative that offers the industry an opportunity to build the most favourable regulatory environment in the world. Switzerland in fact enjoys a unique regulatory landscape thanks to its decentralised structure and the possibility it offers companies of setting up and deploying self-regulated organisations (SROs) that define industry standards. Zug today represents a hub for testing and developing blockchain technology in a stable, enduring legal environment. Netscape address lists

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In France, the technological research institute System X based at the Saclay platform launched a Blockchain for Smart Transactions (BST) project in early 2017. Over the next four years, this project will study new services and uses, cost optimisation and also the ethical issues raised by blockchain technology. Specifically, the project will look at mechanisms of digital trust that can give back to customers control over their data. The legal conditions of deploying the blockchain will therefore also be studied as well as the related economic and social conditions. buy Netscape database for marketing

Scalability

Besides legal limitations, several technical limitations mean that current blockchain technology is difficult to scale up. The Bitcoin blockchain for example (the most secure public blockchain to date) can carry out a maximum of seven transactions per second (far fewer than the thousands of transactions per second carried out on the Visa network), because the protocol only allows blocks of up to 1 MB in size. Netscape b2b database

This figure can change, but only if agreed by the Bitcoin community, which has seen lively debate on these issues. Owing to the complex governance of this public blockchain, some time is undoubtedly needed before these limitations can be eased through a new consensus. Netscape Email Lists  

However, new solutions are being implemented to enable the networks to absorb a greater volume of transactions, for example31:

Segregated Witness, a change in the Bitcoin blockchain that enables the usable capacity of each block to be increased.

Lightning Network, a change in the Bitcoin blockchain that groups together transactions in order to increase the maximum permitted transaction volume.

Sidechains, which are a means of

extending existing blockchains and therefore increasing the maximum permitted transaction volume.

IOTA, “the blockchain that is not a blockchain”, which launched in late 2016 and is set to be the first blockchain naturally able to absorb a large volume of transactions.

ARDOR, launched in 2017, which also claims to be able to absorb high transaction volumes. However, the design for this blockchain has not yet been unveiled.

It therefore seems that the question is no longer whether blockchains will be capable of absorbing a large volume of transactions, but when they will able to do so. Netscape b2b database

How a blockchain works

A blockchain is used as a platform for exchange

Each user can carry out a transaction by modifying the ledger. For simple exchanges of tokens, the problem can be summarised by the following information: who – gives what – to whom? So if blockchain participant X wants to send 10 tokens to participant Y, a line that looks like “X_10_Y” is added to the ledger. The nodes ensure that the structure of the entry is correct and that X is solvent. If this is the case, the transaction is gradually sent across the entire network and added to the list of transactions pending. Netscape Email Lists  

In each period (an average of 10 minutes for the Bitcoin blockchain and 15 seconds for the Ethereum blockchain), some of the transactions pending are included in one of the blocks in the chain. The party adding a block determines the content of that block.
Users adding blocks to a chain are known as “miners” in reference to the 19th century gold rush. Miners are paid the proposed reward for adding a block plus transaction fees.

When the block is added to the chain and consensus exists regarding the block, it is shared by all network nodes. This gives rise to a unique transaction history.
Proof-of-work versus proof-of-stake 

Proof-of-work is the consensus algorithm used by the Bitcoin blockchain. Miners provide an external resource – computer power – in order to participate in the block validation process. Netscape address lists

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Proof-of-stake attempts to move away from the power-hungry mining mechanism. The right to validate blocks is directly linked to the amount of cryptocurrency held. buy Netscape database for marketing

Protocols for mailing

A few words on secure protocols for mailing like POSTOFFICE PROTOCOL 3 (POP3S) Secure IMAP as well as secure SMTP

This protocol lets you access an email address on an internet server and also access mailboxes and folders on the server, however it they do so in a non-secure way. As with many other older protocols Netscape b2b database

internet protocols, transmits information in plain text. Anyone who has access internet connection between the servers and their clients is able to find passwords of users simply by monitoring the network. POP3or IMAP servers require users to authenticate using an email address and password. This assures that only authentic clients can access the email address of the user. POP3/IMAP is a protocol that is not encrypted which means that your username as well as password will be sent in plain text.

This issue can be solved through the introduction of SSL in email protocols. Hence, the POP3/IMAP protocol when it is used with the SSL layer referred to as POP3S/IMAPS.

This is also true for widespread use of SMTP and SMTP that is widely used. SECURE SMTP SECURE SMTP is designed to verify the communications partners and also security and integrity of the data. However, it’s an option to secure SMTP in the layer of transport. It means that the client and server communicate using regular SMTP on the layer of application. However, the connection is protected by SSL or TLS. This occurs when the connection is established before data exchange has occurred. Since the choice to utilize SSL or TLS is not an issue that is decided by the peer network, SMTPS services are usually accessible through the dedicated port they own. Netscape Email Lists  

4.4 LETS SUM UP

We have examined the aspects of security that must be made secure using cryptography to a greater scope. Because of the serious security concerns with traditional internet protocols security, it has been added onto top of these protocols. Netscape b2c database

We learned about the way secure sockets layer (SSL) functions and its incredible capabilities in enabling security for protocols at the top layer like http, smtp pop, imap, pop, etc. IPSEC is the network layer protocol used by IP extension, offers two kinds of user access to the end user such as the tunnel mode and the mode for transport. Users can transfer data in a secure manner between two hosts by using the transport mode, or between two hosts in a totally secured manner by with the tunnel mode. Keys sharing is a major concern with both protocols. Most often the shared secret keys are used and keys are exchanged in a manual manner.

Similar to DNSSEC is a set of extensions for DNS that offer DNS clients (resolvers) with authentication of the source as well as data integrity and rejection of the existence

Not the least, the way PGP ensures the security of messages which are signed and encrypted and then stored on the disk (as an image file) or transferred over the network. In the same way, we have discussed security extensions of mail protocols. Netscape Email Lists  

“To be human is to err – but to attribute it to computers is more difficult. – Robert Orben “.

With that said the first question we should be asking is how much could be blaming on ourselves and what kind of information we could provide to computers. To answer this question, the first thing we should ask “whether are we in danger in any way, or even not. What would be the potential losses that could be sustained if we are successful in defending ourselves”. Netscape address lists

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Achieving a hardened desktop is the first step to safeguard your personally Identifiable Data details. A large frame is generally the process of protecting an entire device by cutting down its level of security vulnerabilities. Traditionally, attackers attack servers, however there has been a shift to clients-side security due to the greater security around the latter, making it harder for attackers to take advantage of vulnerabilities.Load balancers and Web-based application firewalls are increasingly common which makes server defense much more effective.Hence attackers are targeting weak points in desktop applications like browsers, office applications that are common such as email clients, media players among others. buy Netscape database for marketing

Computer security covers all methods and procedures that ensure electronic equipment, data and services are secured from accidental or unauthorised access, destruction or alteration and also the method of implementing security measures to protect the security, confidentiality and availability of information during transport and at rest.However the total security of a computer is a myth, and, in fact security isn’t one-time procedure, but rather a cat-and-mouse. Netscape b2c database

When new vulnerabilities are discovered as new vulnerabilities are discovered, we have to address them, IDENTIFY and MITIGATE them. This is precisely what we are will learn in this class, while taking into consideration the typical person’s view of the steps to harden a computer. The process of hardening a computer includes a number of steps that form several layers of security. This method of safer computing is sometimes referred to as “defense within depth”. Netscape Email Lists  

Typically, applying vendor security patches on a regular basis is the initial step in ensuring that you are able to secure your system. Reduced attack vectors usually involves the elimination of any unnecessary software, logins or usernames, as well as the deactivation or elimination of unneeded services.Also Many security experts suggest installing personal firewall or HIPS on your system, install and frequently utilize spyware and virus security software. Other hardening measures include closing ports on servers and disable Windows and other programs ‘ file-sharing and also the hardening of email programs.

A good computer security strategy is finding the perfect equilibrium between securing your system to protect it from dangers and ensuring that it is usable. If you do not need the application or service, it must be removed and disabled. Additional software requires additional effort from you to hinder an attack on your computer to be successful. By installing unnecessary software, you could result in your PC spreading an infection or acting as an opening for attacks on other systems on campus. Netscape b2c database

Brian Kerbs is a famous persona and a evangelist of Computer Security, one should be advised to keep in mind the following basic rules of thumb for being secure on the internet. He states:

If you didn’t look for it Don’t put it in!”.

If you have installed it, you should update it.

If you don’t require it, take it off.

I think the sentences are easy to understand. Keep them in mind when working on computers or surfing the web. You have learned about the threats and vulnerabilities that we are confronted with and the consequences they could create if you don’t remember them from earlier units or courses. This UNIT we will study the security threats and the methods of attack we are taughtand adhere to, either without knowing or due to ignorance and attempt to reduce the risk the risk to and “extend” by sealing the vulnerabilities and taking proactive efforts to prevent these attacks from occurring again. Netscape Email Lists  

I’d like to guide you through a sequence of steps for hardening or tweaking methods on Windows/ *NIX OS platforms, but prioritizing WINDOWS OS due to evident reasons: its broad clients and the risks they pose. I’m not hesitant to suggest that Linuxor MAC OS X are not without flaws, but they have their share of threats, however, they are smaller in number compared to the other platforms. I’m sure, one will benefit from following them , which lowers the risks that come with it. Netscape address lists

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According to them, “The online truly secure system is one that’s shut off and cast into the form of a block buy Netscape database for marketing

concrete that is sealed inside an area lined with lead and security guards. – Gene Spafford”

To protect the computer system it is essential to know the types of attacks that could be made against it and they can identified as Malware and the numerous kinds of threats, including threats caused by client-side software as well as social engineering attacks, etc. Security

These settings are recommended in the next sections are designed to be used by home users because laptops and desktops with Wi-Fi connectivity in the home are less secure than desktop computers in your network, and behind a the firewalls of your corporate. Netscape customers database

Some things to consider:

Install only Licensed Software to ensure you are able to update your operating system and applications. In the case of free software be sure that you update it regularly.

Review carefully the “Terms and Conditions” The “Terms and Conditions “License Agreement” that is provided by the software/vendor prior to installation. Netscape Email Lists  

1.3 WINDOWS SECURITY CONTROLS ESSENTIAL FOR HOME USER

This section is designed to provide basic guidelines for homeowners who use computers that run Windows 7 Operating System. I’ve decided to go with Windows 7 which leads the market share(more than 56 % ), following by Windows 8.X(13 percent) and Windows XP, although discontinued (12 percent) as per Wikipedia. The majority of configurations are typical to Windows OS, if differs I will clearly state. The main purpose in this article is to raise awareness of security concerns for computers for home computer users. It will recommend the steps that must be completed to secure their systems and protect their data assets.

Our main goal is to prevent attackers from taking over the system for malicious purposes. Windows is designed with a variety of built-in capabilities and we’ll try to make them more secure in the event that they are not turned on by default. Additional layers of security can be added to secure our system, personal documents as well as browsers and other software. We will implement patches monitoring to inform us of applications that are not secure and require patching or event monitoring to track and alert us of any unusual incidents. Create baselines to periodically compare with the operating system for the possibility of modification. Netscape Email Lists  

The ultimate goal of the attacker is to gain admin/system access to your computer and to completely manage your system. However, a properly secured PC will block hackers with layers of security. In some instances due to vulnerabilities, the system can be completely blocked out since this feature is off. Netscape customers database

Sometimes, a zero-day vulnerability can allow hackers to gain access, but frequently, hackers will discover unlocked systems, then attempt to destroy something, and then quit. With a secure system it is unlikely that they will achieve their goals. In addition, with security-related techniques, if you get admin rights, their victory is always short-lived.

Take the habit of walking across the present threat landscape and react to emergency threats promptly. As mentioned earlier, security is cannot be completed by following all these steps but is a continual process.

“Security is a process , not an item “-bruce Schneier

Be aware that if your system has been compromised, the tips provided here won’t help you as there is no way of knowing what backdoors or botnets clients are put in your computer. You can’t fight anyone who already has administrator control over your system. You can make changes and they’ll disable it.

1.3.1 Passwords

“Treat your password like your toothbrush. Don’t let anyone else use it. Then take a fresh one.

Every six months”. Clifford Stoll Netscape email database providers

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The user should be informed of the password guidelines and follow them. Windows passwords must be complex enough to stop attempts by crackers and other tools. Your passwords must be lengthy (min 12, plus) and should also include lower and uppercase, alphanumeric symbols, and digits. The best way is to create passphrases like “I learn diploma from U.O.U which can be translated buy Netscape targeted email list

PS: There’s an account hidden from view called “Administrator” which you need to also secure with a password. However, it has to first be enabledsince it’s disabled by default. You should you can enable the Administrator account and make a password and be sure to turn it off later. Here are some suggestions for a password that is sage:

Do not use the same password across all services. If one of your passwords is found (by keyloggers) and you use the same password for email services, you could determine the result.

In Windows command prompt In the Windows command prompt, enter “secpol.msc” and this will bring you to an area where you can view your security policies local to. Choose the account policies > password policy, and then configure in accordance with your needs. Netscape Email Lists  

Try using PASSWORD PROGRAMS FOR MANAGEMENT LIKE KEEPASS.

Secure your BIOS with a password to ensure that no one can boot your computer. It is recommended to change the order of booting in the BIOS to ensure it boots your hard disk first instead of the CD/DVD. If an attacker is able to install an Linux Live CD and start your PC, they’ll be able connect your hard drive to read the entire data stored there and all Windows security measures will be hacked. Netscape customers database

1.3.2 Windows Updates

Installing the most recent updates to software, including security updates, promptly and regularly on your PC is essential to ensure its security as well as its optimal working.

Launch Windows Update by clicking the Start button . Within the search bar enter

Update, then, in the results list select Windows Update.

On the right side, select Change settings.

For important updates, select any of the following links:

Updates are automatically installed (recommended)

Download updates , but let me decide if I want to install them.

Make sure to check for updates, but let me decide if I want to download and install them.

Do not check on the latest Updates (not recommended)

To receive recommended updates for your personal computer, go to Recommended updates, click on the”Give me recommended updates in the same way that I receive updates important to me check box. Click OK. If you’re asked for confirmation or a password for an administrator then type in the password or give confirmation. Netscape business database

Manual updates can be set up in the same way as previously mentioned:

Launch Windows Update by clicking the Start button. Within the Search box type in Update and then, within the results list you can click Windows Update.

From the pane to the left, select”Check for Updates”

Windows will begin to search for updates to your PC.

Do not power up or restart off your computer while installing updates. This could cause corrupted files in your operating system.

1.4 PRINCIPLE OF LEAST PRIVILEGE(PLP)

One of the fundamental ideas behind hardening is the concept of the concept of Least Privilege. The basic concept is vital in the Windows environment where administrative rights must be restricted to the minimum required for the tasks, not granting administrators the highest privileges users, and thereby compromising security. Utilizing regular user accounts to carry out daily tasks like managing emails, using a web browser, and communicating through an instant messaging software is a safer option than using a account that has administrative privileges for the same tasks. Netscape Email Lists  

If users login using standard user rights instead of administrative user rights the operating system becomes more secure since they are unable to alter or bypass countermeasures, such as antivirus Netscape email database providers

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Protection, intrusion detection and firewall software for intrusion detection, protection, and firewall. This means that the innocent user who does not know opens an attachment in an email that contains virus is much less likely harm their computer in general. buy Netscape targeted email list

Note that low-privileged user accounts (LUA) along with user control (UAC) are available in Windows Vista and Windows 7 are two real-world applications of this concept. For them to be effective However users must exercise due diligence, utilize the right accounts, and react appropriately to UAC instructions.

The first thing you must perform in accordance with the minimum privilege is to set up an account called a Standard user account and make use of that account to perform your everyday tasks. Only log into the administrator account to install applications and configure networking or perform routine maintenance tasks. Because if you work with the Standard account any malware or hacker that infects your system will be able to take over your privileges and will not be granted administrator privileges to change the system at a system-wide level. Netscape business database

Let’s take a look at how we can implement this policy in our particular case Windows User Account Control settings includes an option to adjust the slider that you alter your UAC settings. In default, both Windows 7 and Windows 8 Users Account Control is set to not notify you when programs and applications attempt to alter your computer. Netscape Email Lists  

You can choose to switch to any one of four options: “Always notify”, “Notify me only when apps or programs attempt to alter my personal computer”, “Notify me only when applications or programs try to alter the computer (do not affect my desktop)” or “Never notify”. This is the process of setting up your computer so that it’s only capable of doing the things you typically do and nothing else. That means, the feature you are using in Windows isn’t being used it must be disabled or turned off. disabled.